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The  Glory  of  God  is  Intelligence. 


vol.  v.     ']     OCTOBER,  1&S3.  No.  1. 


SF?e 


eoKTillBUTDR 


A  MONTHLY  MAGAZINE  OF  HOME  LITERATURE. 


REPRESENTS    THE 


EDITED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  JUNIUS  F.  WELLS. 


8AX.T    X,AW.ie    CXXY,     UTAH. 


THE     CONTRIBUTOR. 


CONTENTS    FOR   OCTOBER,    1883. 

PAGE. 

"The  Three  Witnesses" — Steel  Engraving.     From  original  designs Frontispiece 

History  of  the  Book  of  Mormon: 

Autographs  of  the  Three  Witnessses 1 

I.     The  Original  Records.. George  Reynolds 1 

Wonders  of  the  Yellowstone      The  Geysers.     I De  Vallibus 5 

Interview  with  David  V\  hitmer ' James  H.  Hart , 9 

Political   Institutions.      I J.  M.  Tanner. 11 

A  Masterly  Retreat Grmme 13 

Down  the  Lakes  ' J.  H.   Ward 17 

Granite  Rock Jos.  T.  Kingsbury 20 

Sermons  and  Writings  of  the  Prophets.     Life  and  Dei th  President  Brigham   \0u11g...  22 

]im:  Story  of  an  Indian 26 

Ireland  and  the  Irish.     I.. R.  S.  Spence 28 

Overthrow  of  Gog  and  Magog.     Inscribed  to  Pres.  John  Taylor...  O'  F.   Whitney 33 

Editorial:     "The  Three  Witnesses" 3). 

Indian  Summer Amethyst 36 

British  Braves , Chas.   W.  6tayner 38 

Captain  Matthew  Webb 39 

Association  Intelligence:     Semi- Annual  Conference 40 

Notice  of  Quarterly  Conferences 40 


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Blind 


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in  2012  with  funding  from 

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http://archive.org/details/contributor0501eng 


THE  THREE  WITNESSE; 


THE   CONTRIBUTOR. 


The  Glory  of  God  is  Intelligence. 


Vol.  V. 


OCTOBER,  1883. 


No.  1. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    BOOK    OF    MORMON. 

Wbt  ©cstimonD  of  ®fjrn  5Mttiuss.es. 

Be  it  known  unto  all  nations,  kindreds,  tongues,  and  people  unto  whom  this  work  shall  come 
that  we,  through  the  grace  of  God  the  Father,  and  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  have  seen  the  plates 
which  contain  this  record,  which  is  a  record  of  the  people  of  Nephi,  and  also  of  the  Lamanites, 
their  brethren,  and  also  of  the  people  of  Jared,  who  came  from  the  tower  of  which  hath  been 
spoken;  and  we  also  know  that  they  have  been  translated  by  the  gift  and  power  of  God,  for  his 
voice  hath  declared  it  unto  us;  wherefore  we  know  of  a  surety  that  the  work  is  true.  And  we  also 
testify  that  we  have  seen  the  engravings  which  are  upon  the  plates;  and  they  have  been  shewn  unto 
us  by  the  power  of  God,  and  not  of  man.  And  we  declare  with  words  of  soberness,  that  an  angel 
of  God  came  down  from  heaven,  and  he  brought  and  laid  before  our  eyes,  that  we  beheld  and  saw 
the  plates,  and  the  engravings  thereon;  and  we  know  that  it  is  by  the  grace  of  God  the  Father,  and 
our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  that  we  beheld  and  bear  record  that  these  things  are  true;  and  it  is  marvel- 
lous in  our  eyes,  nevertheless  the  voice  of  the  Lord  commanded  us  that  we  should  bear  record  of  it; 
wherefore,  to  be  obedient  unto  the  commandments  of  God,  we  bear  testimony  of  these  things.  And 
we  know  that  if  we  are  faithful  in  Christ,  we  shall  rid  our  garments  of  the  blood  of  all  men,  and  be 
found  spotless  before  the  judgment-seat  of  Christ,  and  shall  dwell  with  him  eternally  in  the  heavens. 
And  the  honor  be  to  the  Father,  and  to  the  Son,  and  to  the  Holy  Ghost,  which  is  one  God.     Amen. 


U^a4aj2^ 


THE   ORIGINAL    RECORDS. 

Shortly  after  the  arrival  of  Lehi  and 
his  little  colony  on  the  promised  land, 
Nephi  received  a  commandment  from 
the  Lord  to  make  certain  "plates  of  ore" 
upon  which  to  engrave  a  record  of  the 
doings  of  his  people.  Some  time  later, 
or  between  thirty  and  forty  years  after 
the  departure  'of  Lehi  from  Jerusalem, 
Nephi  was  further  instructed  regarding 
the  records.  The  Lord  then  said  unto 
him,  "Make  other  plates;  and  thou  shalt 
engraven  many  things  upon  them  which 


are  good  in  my  sight,  for  the  profit  of 
thy  people."  Nephi,  to  be  obedient  to 
the  commandment  of  the  Lord,  went 
and  made  these  other  plates,  and  upon 
them  were  engraven  the  records  from 
which  the  first  portions  of  the  Book  of 
Mormon  are  translated;  or  those  parts 
known  to  us  as  the  First  and  Second 
Books  of  Nephi,  and  the  Books  of 
Jacob,  Enos,  Jarom,  and  Omni. 

The  two  sets  of  plates  manufactured  by 
Nephi  were  both  used  as  records  of  his 
people  and  called  by  his  name;  but  their 
contents  were  not  identical.     Upon  the 


HISTORV  OF  .THE  ROOK  OF  MORMON. 


first  set  was  engraven  the  political  his- 
tory of  the  Nephites,  upon  the  second 
their  religious  growth  and  development. 
The  one  described  the  acts  of  their 
kings,  and  the  wars,  contentions  and 
destructions  which  came  upon  the 
nation,  the  other  contained  the  story  of 
the  dealings  of  the  Lord  with  this 
people,  the  ministry  of  His  servants, 
their  teachings  and  prophecies.  Of  the 
contents  of  the  first  we  know  but  little, 
simply  that  which  we  gather  from  inci- 
dental remarks  made  in  the  second;  but 
the  second  is  given  to  us  in  its  com- 
pleteness in  the  translation  contained  in 
the  Book  of  Mormon. 

It  would  have  been  very  interesting  to 
students  of  history  to  have  received  the 
detailed  account  of  the  reigns  of  the 
kings  who  governed  the  people  of 
Nephi,  that  is,  to  those  who  would  ac- 
cept these  records  as  of  God;  but  it  was 
far  more  important  that  those  most 
sacred  truths  contained  in  the  revela- 
tions of  Heaven  to  that  people  should 
be  made  manifest  to  this  generation: 
the  one  would  be  a  satisfaction  to  our 
intellectual  natures,  but  the  other  is 
necessary  to  our  eternal  salvation;  for 
the  Book  of  Mormon  contains  "the  ful- 
ness of  the  Gospel,"  and  also  many 
things  "plain  and  most  precious"  that 
have  been  taken  out  of  the  Jewish 
Scriptures,  through  the  craft  or  igno- 
rance of  apostate  Jews  and  Christians. 
For  this  most  important  reason  those 
portions  of  the  Nephite  records  that  are 
now  contained  in  the  Book  of  Mormon 
were  first  revealed;  we  should  never 
have  been  willing  to  have  accepted  the 
others  without  them,  for  it  is  upon  the 
basis  of  religion,  not  of  history,  that  the 
Latter-day  Saints  accept  the  Book  of 
Mormon.  We  also  have  the  promise 
that  other  plates  will  be  translated  and 
given  unto  us  in  the  Lord's  due  time, 
and  doubtless  among  them  will  be  those 
first  plates  upon  which  Nephi  recorded, 
with  such  detail,  the  travels  and  labors 
in  the  wilderness  of  his  father  and  asso- 
ciates. 

The  plates  of  Nephi  containing  the 
sacred  annals  of  his  people  were  not 
entirely  filled  with  engraving  until  about 


two  hundred  years  before  Christ.  They 
were  made  by  Nephi  between  the  years 
570  and  560  before  the  advent  of  the 
Redeemer;  but  the  record  on  them  goes 
back  to  the  time  when  Lehi  left  Jerusa- 
lem or  600  B.  C,  so  they  in  reality  con- 
tain the  history  of  God's  dealings  with 
that  branch  of  the  house  of  Israel  for 
about  four  hundred  years.  During  this 
time  they  were  in  the  possession  of  nine 
historians,  who  held  them,  as  near  as 
can  be  gathered  from  their  own  state- 
ments, as  follows :  Nephi,  from to  546 

B.  C;  Jacob,  from  546  to ;  Enos,  from 

to  422;  Jarom,  from  422  to  362;  Omni, 

from  362  to  318;  Amaron,  from  318  to  280; 

Chemish,  from   280  to  ;    Abinadom, 

from  —  to  — ;  Amaleki,  from to  200 

(about).  By  this  time  they  were  full  of  en- 
graved characters,  there  was  no  room  to 
write  any  more  history  on  them,  and 
Abinadi  handed  them  to  King  Benjamin. 

We  next  come  to  the  commencement 
of  Mormon's  abridgment  of  the  later 
annals.  According  to  this  prophet's 
statements,  contained  in  the  book  that 
is  entitled  "The  Words  of  Mormon," 
but  which  in  reality  takes  the  place  of  a 
preface  or  introduction  to  his  condensa- 
tion of  the  Nephite  records,  it  appears 
that  he  had  also  made  an  abridgment 
of  Nephi's  historical  or  political  record, 
but  finding  these  other  plates  (frequent- 
ly called  the  small  plates)  he  discovered 
thereon  so  much  that  was  desirable  and 
precious,  that  he  placed  them  with  the 
remainder  of  his  plates  and  by  this  act 
they  came  into  the  possession  of  Joseph 
Smith  as  a  part  of  Mormon's  record.  It 
may  probably  be  most  satisfactory  to 
give,  in  his  own  words,  his  reasons  for 
doing  so.     He  says: 

And  now  I  speak  somewhat  concerning  that 
which  I  have  written;  for  after  I  had  made  an 
abridgment  from  the  plates  of  Nephi,  down  to' 
the  reign  of  this  king  Benjamin,  of  whom 
Amaleki  spake,  I  searched  among  the  records 
which  had  been  delivered  into  my  hands,  and  I 
found  these  plates,  which  contained  this  small 
account  of  the  prophets,  from  Jacob  down  to 
the  reign  of  this  king  Benjamin;  and  also  many 
of  the  words  of  Nephi. 

And  the  things  which  are  upon  these  plates 
pleasing  me,  because  of  the  prophecies  of  the 
coming  of  Christ;  and  my  fathers  knowing  that 


HISTORY  OF   THE  BOOK  OF  MORMON. 


3 


many  of  them  have  been  fulfilled;  yea,  and  I 
also  know  that  as  many  things  as  have  been 
prophecicd  concerning  us  down  to  this  day,  have 
been  fulfilled,  and  as  many  as  go  beyond  this 
day,  must  surely  come  to  pass; 

Wherefore  I  choose  these  things,  to  finish  my 
record  upon  them,  which  remainder  of  my  re- 
cord I  shall  take  from  the  plates  of  Nephi;  and 
I  cannot  write  the  hundredth  part  of  the  things 
of  my  people. 

But  behold,  I  shall  take  these  plates,  which 
contain  these  prophesyings  and  revelations,  and 
put  them  with  the  remainder  of  my  record,  for 
they  are  choice  unto  me;  and  I  know  they  will 
be  choice  unto  my  brethren. 

And  I  do  this  for  a  wise  purpose;  for  thus  it 
whispereth  me,  according  to  the  workings  of  the 
Spirit  of  the  Lord  which  is  in  me.  And  now,  I 
do  not  know  all  things;  but  the  Lord  knoweth 
all  things  which  are  to  come;  wherefore,  he 
worketh  in  me  to  do  according  to  his  will. 

We  shall  hereafter  discover  what  this 
wise  purpose  in  the  Lord  was. 

The  introduction  of  these  "Words  of 
Mormon"  at  this  place,  in  the  Book  of 
Mormon,  has  led  many  superficial  readers 
into  confusion.  Some  have  imagined 
that  it  was  some  other  Mormon  than  the 
father  of  Moroni,  while  with  others  it 
has  produced  an  inextricable  confusion 
of  dates;  but  the  fact  is  that  these 
"Words"  are  simply  the  connecting  link 
that  unites  the  plates  of  Nephi  with 
those  of  Mormon.  That  which  was  re- 
corded on  the  plates  of  Nephi  was  en- 
graven between  600  and  200  years  be- 
fore the  coming  of  our  Savior  while 
the  rest  of  the  Book  of  Mormon  was  not 
written  in  its  present  form  until  the  life- 
times of  Mormon  and  Moroni  or  be- 
tween the  years  311  and  421  after  Christ; 
the  former  being  the  date  of  Mormon's 
birth,  the  latter  the  time  that  Moroni 
closes  his  record. 

Following  the  "Words  of  Mormon" 
are  the  Books  of  Mosiah,  Alma,  Hela- 
man,  III  Nephi,  IV  Nephi  and  Mormon. 
At  the  end  of  the  seventh  chapter  of 
the  last  named  book,  Mormon's  record 
closes,' and  in  the  commencement  of  the 
eighth  chapter  his  son  Moroni  informs 
us  of  his  father's  death.  From  that 
point  to  the  close  of  the  sacred  volume 
the  writings  are  those  of  Moroni,  which 
comprise  the  two  last  chapters  of  Mor- 


mon, and  the  books  of  Ether  and  Moroni, 
the  Book  of  Ether  being  Moroni's  con- 
densation or  synopsis  of  the  history  of 
the  Jaredites;  and  the  Book  of  Moroni 
his  personal  experience,  teachings  and 
prophecies.  Thus  we  find  that  eleven 
historians  have  written  the  Book  of 
Mormon  in  its  present  form — nine  on  the 
plates  of  Nephi,  with  Mormon  and  his 
son  Moroni.  But  of  these  eleven,  four — 
Nephi,  Jacob,  Mormon  and  Moroni — 
occupy  almost  the  entire  book.  Of  the 
others,  some  engraved  only  a  few  lines, 
while  a  page  or  two  sufficed  for  the  re- 
cord of  the  remainder. 

But  to  understand  clearly  the  abridg- 
ments of  Mormon  and  Moroni  two 
things  must  be  remembered.  The  first 
that  they  frequently  interpolated  or  in- 
serted their  own  views  or  reflections  on 
what  they  were  writing,  as  a  commen- 
tator in  these  days  would  insert  foot 
notes  to  an  ancient  work  he  was  editing. 
Foot  notes  appear  to  have  been  un- 
known to  the  ancient  Nephites,  so,  as 
Mormon  and  his  son  went  on  with  their 
labors,  they  inserted  their  remarks  into 
the  body  of  the  work,  and  these  annota- 
tions or  interpolations  are  amongst  the 
most  valuable  portions  of  the  sacred 
volume.  If  the  fact  of  these  post- 
Christian  insertions  be  remembered  it 
will  cause  difficulties  in  the  text  to  dis- 
appear as  if  by  magic,  and  seeming  con- 
tradictions of  dates  or  facts  will  be  im- 
mediately harmonized  and  reconciled. 
The  second  thing  to  be  remembered  is 
that  both  of  these  servants  of  God  in 
making  their  abridgments,  inserted  in 
full  certain  records,  epistles,  communi- 
cations made  and  discourses  or  speeches 
delivered  by  the  persons  of  whom  they 
write.  Among  such  appear  to  be — 
"The  Record  of  Zeniff,"  in  Mosiah;  cer- 
tain sermons  of  Alma,  Amulek  and 
others,  in  Alma;  the  commandments  of 
Alma  to  his  three  sons,  in  Alma;  the 
epistles  of  Helaman,  Moroni,  Ammoron 
and  Pahoran,  in  Alma;  the  prophecies 
of  Nephi  and  Samuel,  in  Helaman;  the 
teachings  of  the  Savior,  in  III  Nephi; 
the  epistle  of  Giddianhi  to  Lachoneus, 
in  III  Nephi;  the  discourse  of  Mormon, 
in  Moroni;    the  epistles  of  Mormon,  in 


HISTORY  OF   THE  BOOK  OF  MORMON. 


Moroni.  These  appear  from  the  text  to 
be  exact  transcripts  from  the  original 
records,  which  view  is  borne  out  by  the 
fact  that  the  language  in  most  of  them 
differs  from  the  style  of  Mormon;  some 
phases  that  appear  in  them  being  pecu- 
liar to  the  extracts  in  which  they  are 
found,  while  certain  words  that  are  fre- 
quently used  therein  are  rarely  or  never 
found  in  other  parts  of  the  volume. 

The  following  are  the  periods  em- 
braced in  the  contents  of  the  various 
books  which  compose  Mormon's  abridg- 
ment: Mosiah,  with  Mormon's  preface, 
one  hundred  and  nine  years,  or  from 
200  to  91  B.  C;  Alma,  thirty-nine  years, 
or  from  91  to  53  B.  C;  Helaman,  fifty- 
two  years,  or  from  52  to  1  B.  C;  III 
Nephi,  thirty-four  years,  or  from  1  to  34 
A.  C;  IV  Nephi,  two  hundred  and 
eighty-seven  years,  or  from  35  to  321  A. 
C;  Mormon,  to  end  of  chapter  viii,  six- 
ty-five years,  or  from  321  to  385  B.  C. 
Moroni's  record  closes  four  hundred  and 
twenty-one  years  after  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah  in  the  flesh. 

The  names  of  the  historians  whose 
.  writings  Mormon  abridged  to  form  his 
record,  with  the  periods  during  which 
they  held  possession  of  these  sacred 
treasures  (as  correctly  as  can  be  gath- 
ered from  his  condensation),  are  as  fol- 
lows: King  Benjamin  from  (about)  200 
to  125  B.  C;  King  Mosiah,  from  125  to 
91  B.  C;  Alma  (the  younger),  from  91  to 
73  B.  C;  Helaman  (the  elder),  from  73  to 
57  B.  C;  Shiblon,  57  to  53  B.  C;  Hela- 
man (the  younger),  from  53  to  39  B.  C; 
Nephi,  from  39  to  1  B.  C,  Nephi  (the 
disciple),  from  1  to  34  A.  C;  Nephi, 
from  34  to  no  A.  C;  Amos  (the  elder), 
from  no  to  194  A.  C;  Amos  (the 
younger),  from  194  to  306  B.  C;  Amma- 
ron,  from  306  to  320  B.  C. 

In  the  above  table  one  thing  will  prob- 
ably strike  the  attention  of  the  obser- 
vant reader.  It  is  the  length  of  time 
that  the  historians  who  lived  in  the 
happy  age  of  righteousness  immediately 
succeeding  the  visit  of  Christ  to  the 
Nephites,  held  the  records.  Nephi,  the 
son  of  the  disciple  of  the  same  name, 
had  charge  of  these  precious  engravings 
seventy-six  years,  his  son  Amos  eighty- 


four  years,  the  second  Amos,  the  son  of 
the  last  named,  the  marvelous  period  of 
one  hundred  and  twelve  years,  or  a  total 
of  two  hundred  and  seventy-two  years 
for  three  generations — grandfather,  father 
and  son.  What  a  powerful  sermon  this 
fact  preaches  in  favor  of  an  age  when 
all  God's  laws  were  implicitly  obeyed 
by  a  whole  nation  for  three  succeeding 
generations. 

When  Mormon  delivered  up  the  plates 
to  his  son  he  says: 

And  now  I,  Mormon,  being  about  to  deliver 
up  the  record  which  I  have  been  making,  into 
the  hands  of  my  son  Moroni,  behold,  I  have 
witnessed  almost  all  the  destruction  of  my 
people,  the  Nephites.  And  it  is  many  hundred 
years  after  the  coming  of  Christ  that  I  deliver 
these  records  into  the  hands  of  my  son;  and  it 
supposeth  me  that  he  will  witness  the  entire  des- 
truction of  my  people.  But  may  God  grant 
that  he  may  survive  them,  that  he  may  write 
somewhat  concerning  them,  and  somewhat  con- 
cerning Christ,  that  some  day  it  may  profit 
them. 

When  Mormon  was  dead,  Moroni 
wrote: 

Behold,  I,  Moroni,  do  finish  the  record  of  my 
father,  Mormon.  Behold,  I  have  but  few  things 
to  write,  which  things  I  have  been  commanded 
by  my  father. 

Afterwards,  finding  his  life  was  length- 
ened beyond  his  expectation  he  again 
writes: 

Now  I,  Moroni,  after  having  made  an  end  of 
abridging  the  account  of  the  people  of  Jared,  I 
had  supposed  not  to  have  written  more,  but  I 
have  not  as  yet  perished;  and  I  make  not  my- 
self known  to  the  Lamanitcs,  lest  they  should 
destroy  me." 

When  four  hundred  and  twenty  years 
had  passed  since  the  advent  of  the  Re- 
deemer, he  wrote  his  closing  exhorta- 
tions and  sealed  up  the  records.  At 
this  point  the  inspired  history  of  ancient 
America  closes. 

It  would  appear  from  the  text  that  the 
plates,  upon  which  the  records  of  the 
people  of  Nephi  were  kept,  continued 
to  be  called  the  plates  of  Nephi  down 
to  the  time  of  Mormon.  Of  Ammaron 
his  predecessor  in  the  charge  of  these 
sacred  things,  it  is  written: 

And   it   came  to  pass  that  when  three  hun- 


WONDERS  OF   THE  YELLOWSTONE. 


dred  and  twenty  years  had  passed  away,  Am- 
raaron,  being  constrained  by  the  Holy  Ghost, 
did  hide  up  the  records  which  were  sacred;  yea, 
even  all  the  sacred  records  which  had  been 
handed  down  from  generation  to  generation, 
which  were  sacred  even  until  the  three  hundred 
and  twentieth  year  from  the  coming  of  Christ. 

.And  he  did  hide  them  up  unto  the  Lord,  that 
they  might  come  again  unto  the  remnant  of  the 
house  of  Jacob,  according  to  the  prophecies 
and  the  promises  of  the  Lord. 

Mormon  writes  on  the  same  subject: 

And  now  I,  Mormon,  make  a  record  of  the 
things  which  I  have  both  seen  and  heard,  and 
call  it  the  Book  of  Mormon. 

And  about  the  time  that  Ammaron  hid  up  the 
records  unto  the  Lord,  he  came  unto  me,  (I  be- 
ing about  ten  years  of  age;  and  I  began  to  be 
learned  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  the  learn- 
ing of  my  people,)  and  Ammaron  said  unto  me, 
I  perceive  that  thou  art  a  sober  child,  and  art 
quick  to  observe; 

Therefore  when  ye  are  about  twenty  and  four 
years  old,  I  would  that  ye  should  remember  the 
things  that  ye  have  observed  concerning  this 
people;  and  when  ye  are  of  that  age,  go  to  the 
land  of  Antum,  unto  a  hill,  which  shall  be  called 
Shim;  and  there  have  I  deposited  unto  the  Lord, 
all  the  sacred  engravings  concerning  this  people. 

And  behold,  ye  shall  take  the  plates  of  Nephi 
unto  yourself,  and  the  remainder  shall  ye  leave 
in  the  place  where  they  are;  and  ye  shall  engrave 
on  the  plates  of  Nephi,  all  the  things  that  ye 
have  observed  coacerning  this  people. 

Further  on  he  writes: 

And    now    the  city    of   Tashon    was   near  the 


land  where  Ammaron  had  deposited  the  records 
unto  the  Lord,  that  they  might  not  lie  destroyed. 
And  behold  I  had  gone  according  to  the  word 
of  Ammaron,  and  taken  the  plates  of  Nephi, 
and  did  mike  a  record  according  to  the  words 
of  Ammaron.  And  upon  the  plates  of  Nephi, 
I  did  make  a  full  account  of  all  the  wickedness 
and  abominations;  but  upon  these  plates  I  did 
forbear  to  make  a  full  account  of  their  wicked" 
ness  and  abominations,  for  behold,  a  continual 
scene  of  wickedness  and  abominations  has  been 
before  mine  eyes  ever  since  I  have  been  suf- 
ficient to  behold  the  ways  of  man. 

From  the  above  quotations  it  appears 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  only  those 
plates  and  records  necessary  for  his  pur- 
pose were  handed  by  Mormon  to  Moroni- 
Certain  it  is  that  the  abridgment  was 
not  hidden  up  unto  the  Lord  in  the  ex- 
act same  place  as  the  other  records. 
When  revealed  unto  Joseph  Smith  the 
plates  on  which  it  was  written  were 
found  in  a  stone  box  in  the  hill  Cumorah, 
with  the  instruments  necessary  to  their 
interpretation,  the  Urim  and  Thummin, 
with  them.  The  numerous  other  re- 
cords hidden  up  by  Ammaron,  were  not 
in  that  box,  nor  has  it  ever  been  defi- 
nitely made  manifest  to  the  world  where 
was  the  exact  locality  of  their  place  of 
deposit.  George  Reynolds. 


The  science  of  life  may  be  thus  epito- 
mized— to  know  well  the  price  of  time, 
the  value  of  things,  and  the  worth  of 
people. 


WONDERS    OF    THE    YELLOWSTONE. 


THE   GEYSERS — I. 

Among  the  natural  wonders  of  the 
world,  none  fill  the  mind  with  such  awe 
and  mysterious  surprise  as  the  geyser. 
Volcanoes  we  are  partially  prepared  to 
look  upon  without  marvel,  for  we  have 
learned  in  our  primary  geographies  that 
"they  are  mountains,  sending  forth 
smoke,  ashes  and  streams  of  burning- 
lava. "  The  Geysers  were  not  so  well 
known  when  our  geographies  were  made 
as  they  will  be  in  the  future,  when  they 
will  take  a  place  by  the  side  of  /Etna 
and   Popocatepetl    as  among  the  great 


natural  wonders  of  the  globe.  The  next 
generation  may,  therefore,  look  upon 
the  eruption  of  a  geyser  without  wonder 
as  we  gaze  into  the  burning  crater  of 
Vesuvius  without  fear. 

But  of  geysers  there  are  many;  the  hot 
spouting  springs  of  California  are  so 
called,  and  the  geyser  district  of  New 
Zealand  is  remarkable  for  its  bewilder- 
ing profusion  of  boiling  springs,  steam- 
jets  and  mud  volcanoes;  though  Iceland 
has  been  the  secluded  home  of  the 
geysers,  known  to  greatness  and  to 
fame,  for  many  years.     Conical  mounts 


WONDERS  OF  THE   YELLOWSTONE. 


emitting  steam,  and  oft  times  mineral 
waters  are  scattered  over  many  lands, 
and  have  their  local  notoriety  commen- 
surate with  their  merit;  but  the  Geysers 
of  the  World  are  set  apart  in  the  National 
Park  of  the  Yellowstone,  for  the  admi- 
ration, the  delight,  the  surprise,  the  awe 
and  wonderment  of  all  men  of  all  nations 
for  all  time  to  come. 

What  are  geysers?  Let  us  before  pro- 
ceeding farther,  discover  if  we  may, 
from  the  definitions  of  the  learned, 
what  these  mysterious  columns  of  boil- 
ing water  signify  in  the  divine  economy 
of  nature,  and  why  and  how  they  are 
produced.  It  appears  from  the  writings 
of  Professor  Bunsen,  and  the  experi- 
ments of  Professor  J.  PI.  J.  Muller,  of 
Freiburg,  who  constructed  a  most  suc- 
cessful artificial  geyser,  that  the  cause  of 
the  phenomenon  is  the  sudden  evolu- 
tion of  steam.  In  describing  his  theory, 
Bunsen,  in  effect,  says:  "Let  us  suppose 
an  underground  cavity,  communicating 
with  the  surface  by  means  of  a  pipe,  the 
cavity  being  partially  filled  with  boiling 
water,  upon  which  the  confined  steam 
exerts  such  pressure  as  to  force  the 
water  to  the  opening  of  the  pipe.  If  we 
suppose  a  sudden  addition  of  heat  to  be 
applied  under  the  cavity,  a  quantity  of 
steam  will  be  produced  which,  owing  to 
the  great  pressure,  will  be  evolved  in 
sudden  starts,  causing  the  noises  like 
discharges  of  artillery  and  the  shaking 
of  the  ground."  The  professor  admitted 
that  this  could  be  only  a  partial  explan- 
ation of  the  facts;  and  that  he  was 
unable  to  account  for  the  frequent  and 
periodical  production  of  the  necessary 
heat. 

It  is  observed  by  scientific  investiga- 
tors that  any  hot  spring  capable  of 
depositing  silicious  material,  by  the 
evaporation  of  its  water  may,  in  the 
course  of  time,  transform  itself  into  a 
geyser,  a  tube  being  gradually  built  up 
as  the  level  of  the  basin  is  raised;  and 
every  geyser  continuing  to  deposit 
silicious  material  is  preparing  its  own 
destruction;  for  as  soon  as  the  tube 
becomes  deep  enough  to  contain  a 
column  of  water  sufficiently  heavy  to 
prevent  the  lower  strata  attaining  their 


boiling  points,  and  thus  interrupt  the 
creation  of  extraordinary  steam  pressure, 
the  whole  mechanism  becomes  de- 
ranged. In  geyser  districts  it  is  easy  to 
find  thermal  springs  busy  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  tube;  warm  pools  or 
langs,  as  the  Icelanders  call  them,  on  the 
top  of  silicious  mounds,  with  the  mouth 
of  the  shaft  still  open  in  the  middle,  and 
dry  basins  from  which  the  water  has 
receded  entirely. 

Professor  Tenney  in  writing  of'  the 
Iceland  geysers,  says:  "Thermal  springs 
are  intimately  connected  with  volcanic 
phenomena.  They  occur  in  almost 
every  country  remote  from  volcanoes  as 
well  as  near  them.  The  geysers  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Iceland  have  long 
been  noted.  The  Great  Geyser  issues 
from  an  elevated  basin,  fifty  feet  in 
diameter,  which  gradually  contracts  into 
a  pipe  or  tube  eight  or  ten  feet  in  diame- 
ter, with  a  perpendicular  depth  of  about 
eighty  feet.The  basin  is  sometimes  empty, 
but  is  generally  filled  with  boiling  water. 
Sometimes  a  column  of  water  is  thrown 
up  one  hundred  or  two  hundred  feet. 
This  violent  action  lasts  only  a  few 
minutes.  After  the  water  is  thrown  out 
of  the  pipe,  an  immense  quantity  of 
steam  rushes  up  with  a  deafening  roar, 
then  all  is  quiet  for  a  tirr^e." 

The  conclusion  from  reading  the  re- 
ports of  professors  and  doctors  and 
learned  examiners,  is  inevitable  that 
they  fail  to  see  much  farther  in  the 
ground  than  the  ordinary  run  of  men. 
That  the  immense  cloud  of  steam  which 
envelops  everything  near  a  geyser  in 
eruption  and  floats  to  the  sky  above,  is 
produced  by  the  boiling  of  water;  that 
the  water  is  made  hot  by  fire  and  thrown 
from  its  subterranean  fount  by  an  incal- 
culable force,  produced  by  the  confine- 
ment of  steam  or  some  other  wonderful 
agency,  is  apparent  to  any  one  who  sees 
a  geyser  perform.  Who  the  stokers  are, 
and  under  whose  direction  they  put  on 
the  coals,  and  why  they  do  it,  is  at  pres- 
ent more  a  question  of  sectarian  religion 
than  of  science. 

Why  the  grandest  of  all  geysers 
should  be  located  on  the  upper  waters  of 
the  "Madison    River,    right    under    the 


WONDERS  OF   THE    YELLOWSTONE. 


Continental  divide  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, on  the  eastern  slope,  and  as  it  is 
often  expressed,  "right  on  top  of  the 
world,"  remains  a  mystery.  There  we 
found  them.  Crossing  a  heavily  timbered 
mountain  "from  the  main  branch  of  the 
Madison  River,  over  a  government  road, 
cut  thirty  feet  wide  through  a  forest  of 
pine  poles,  so  straight  and  slender  and 
plentiful  that  they  might  be  used  to 
fence  the  world  around  at  all  the  zones, 
we  came  into  Firehole  Basin,  and  found 
ourselves  upon  the  same  river  we  had 
left  over  the  mountain;  but  here  it  is 
called  the  Firehole  River — a  name  given 
to  it,  doubtless,  by  the  Indians,  to  ex- 
press their  idea  of  the  wonders  distrib- 
uted along  its  banks  for  twenty  miles,  as 
it  meanders  through  the  basin  or  valley 
which  has  also  taken  its  name.  Coming- 
down  the  mountain  avenue,  we  suddenly 
emerge  from  the  timbered  parks  that 
stretch  on  either  side  as  far  as  the  eye 
can  reach,  and  behold  before  us  a  grassy 
plain  that  leads  down  to  the  steaming 
river,  whose  sides  are  lined  with  hot 
springs,  some  even  bubbling  up  from  the 
middle  of  the  stream.  This  is  Lower 
Geyser  Basin,  and  within  two  miles  from 
our  entrance  to  it  is  located  the  Foun- 
tain, a  beautiful  unpretentious  little 
spouting  spring  that  plays  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  new  comers  every  evening, 
about  the  time  they  arrive  by  either  the 
Beaver  Canyon  or  Northern  Pacific 
route. 

In  the  vicinity  is  the  Queen  Laundry 
an  immense  fountain  of  scalding  water, 
of  such  softness  and  cleansing  proper- 
ties that  it  takes  rank  as  the  chief  wash- 
ing machine  of  the  world.  It  has  an 
orifice  thirty  by  fifty  feet,  through  which 
great  volumes  of  water  are  hurled  to  a 
height  of  five  or  six  feet,  overflowing  in 
a  series  of  pools  until  it  finally  spills  in- 
to a  beautiful  basin  twenty  to  thirty  feet 
in  diameter  and  five  feet  deep  with 
walls  that  look  like  ivory.  Here  the 
water  has  become  cool  enough  to  afford 
a  luxuriant  bath.  Not  far  from  this 
spring  is  located  a  boiling  chalk  vat  from 
thirty  to  forty  feet  in  diameter,  in  which 
bubbles  and  boils,  incessantly,  hot 
silicious  clay  of  various  shades  of  color, 


from  a  greyish  white  to  a  deep  pink. 
This  clay  in  certain  stages  of  cooling- 
is  in  excellent  condition  for  modelling. 
Some  of  our  party  displayed  consid- 
erable ingenuity  in  fashioning  out  of 
it  mantel  ornaments  of  curious  de- 
sign, which  on  getting  cold  became  hard 
and  smooth  as  the  finest  polished  mar- 
ble, the  colors  being  coral  pink  and  sil- 
very white. 

In  two  hours  drive  from  the  Lower 
Basin  over  a  road  that  the  Superintend- 
ent of  the  Park  is  having  much  im- 
proved, we  reached  the  Upper  Geyser 
Basin  in  which  are  located  the  grandest 
natural  fountains  in  the  world.  We  had 
just  driven  into  the  shade  of  some  state- 
ly pines  and  were  unhitching  our  horses 
when  someone  cried  out:  "There  goes 
old  Faithful,"  and  looking  a  cmarter  of  a 
mile  away  we  saw,  amid  dense  clouds  of 
snow  white  steam,  floating  in  marvelous 
folds  to  the  sky  above,  a  column  of  boil- 
ing water  six  feet  in  diameter  and  from 
a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  to  two  hundred 
feet  high,  breaking  and  descending  in  a 
lovely  shower  of  glistening  pearl  drops. 
When  the  water  falls  it  fills  a  succession 
of  porcelain  reservoirs,  clustered  in  ter- 
races about  the  dome,  of  every  con- 
ceivable shape  and  endless  variety  of 
tints  and  vivid  colors.  This  geyser  is  a 
general  favorite,  though  his  shaft  is  not 
so  high  nor  the  volume  of  water  thrown 
so  great  as  others,  yet  his  regular  per- 
formance, occurring  every  sixty-five 
minutes,  night  and  day,  gives  all  visitors 
an  opportunity  of  watching  and  study- 
ing his  eruptions  and  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  him  as  with  no  other  of 
his  companions,  whose  periodicity  is 
much  longer  and  more  uncertain.  With 
us  Old  Faithful  was  a  friend  from  the 
beginning.  The  happy  elderly  gentle- 
man of  our  party,  and  father  of  us  all, 
called  him  "Old  Regular,"  and  when 
being  corrected  said,  "beg  pardon,  Old 
Reliable.'"  No  one  could  complain,  for 
"Faithful,"  "Regular,"  or  "Reliable,'' 
they  all  apply. 

We  were  very  hungry  when  we  reached 
Upper  Basin  and  were  about  to  get  din- 
ner after  the  reception  Old  Faithful  had 
given  us,  when  a  U.  S.  guide  or  police- 


8 


WONDERS  OF   THE   YELLOWSTONE. 


man  called  out,  "Look  out  for  'The 
Grand  ! '  "  We  rushed  pell  mell,  leaving 
camp  in  confusion  worse  confounded, 
across  the  narrow  foot  bridge  and  up 
the  silicious  bank,  a  few  hundred  yards 
to  get  a  nearer  view  of  the  marvelous 
sight  presented  by  the  "Grand  Geyser 
of  the  World."  It  is  on  the  summit  of 
a  knoll  whose  sides  slope  down  to  the 
river.  Above  the  throat  or  aperture 
which  extends  to  a  depth  of  a  hundred 
feet  is  a  basin  several  feet  deep  and 
twenty  by  twenty-five  feet  in  diameter. 
When  an  eruption  is  about  to  occur  this 
basin  fills  with  boiling  water  to  its  brink, 
then,  suddenly,  with  heavy  concussions 
and  terrific  sounds,  as  of  ponderous 
cannon  immense  clouds  of  steam  rise 
to  the  height  of  five  hundred  feet, 
and  the  whole  body  of  water  in  the 
basin  is  thrown  straight  into  the  air  in  a 
gigantic  column  a  hundred  feet  high. 
From  the  apex  of  this  enormous  shaft 
shoot  up  radiating  jets  to  the  wonderful 
height  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from 
the  ground.  The  earth  trembles  under  the 
descending  deluge  from  this  wonderful 
fountain  as  the  seething  water  flows  over 
the  sides  of  the  dome,  plowing  up  and 
washing  away  the  shelly  strata  to  the 
river  below.  It  is  the  grandest,  the  most 
majestic  and  terrible  fountain  ever  seen 
by  human  beings  in  the  world.  This  erup- 
tion was  repeated  as  we  stood  awe- 
struck, dumb,  gazing  upon  it  from  a  safe 
distance,  yet  as  near  as  possible,  seven 
times,  each  eruption  equal  to  the  others, 
and  all  beyond  comparison  to  anything 
we  ever  saw  or  heard  of  before.  The  gey- 
ser played  thus  for  twenty  minutes, when 
the  water  gradually  lowered  into  the 
crater  out  of  sight,  the  steam  ceased  to 
escape  and  all  became  quiet.  Our  whole 
party  were  wild  with  admiration  and  en- 
thusiasm some  declaring  that  the  water 
rose  three  hundred  feet. 

The  Grand  had  scarcely  ceased,  when 
the  indicator  of  the  Beehive  declared 
his  readiness  to  claim  our  attention. 
Forgetting  dinner  and  everything  else, 
we  ran  down  the  slope  across  a  little 
meadow  and  over  the  river  twice  to  be 
on  time  when  this  appropriately  named, 
industrious,   vigorous   and    determined 


fellow  should  begin  to  play.  The  Bee- 
hive is  so  named  because  it  is  a  cone, the 
exact  shape  of  an  old-fashioned  straw 
beehive.  It  is  about  five  feet  in  diame- 
ter at  its  base,  and  stands  four  feet  high. 
Its  aperture  in  the  top  is  about  two  feet 
in  diameter,  and  is  somewhat  irregularly 
shaped.  When  the  geyser  is  quiet,  no 
water  can  be  seen  in  it  and  visitors 
lounge  about  the  peculiarly  shaped 
structure,  leaning  upon  its  sides  and 
casting  pebbles  into  the  crater;  as  they 
drop,  a  faint  sound  is  produced  by  their 
striking  the  sides  of  the  shaft,  but  they 
give  no  evidence  of  resistance  to  their 
fall  by  water  below. 

We  waited  but  a  few  moments  when 
a  hissing,  gurgling,  puffing  noise  so 
deafening  .  that  human  voices  sounded 
sepulchral  and  hollow,  was  heard  above 
all  other  sounds.  This  was  accompanied 
by  a  sudden  terrific  eruption  from  the 
top  of  the  hive  of  a  column  of  boiling 
water  two  feet  in  diameter,  which  rose 
to  the  great  height  of  two  hundred  and 
nineteen  feet,  where  it  continued  for 
five  minutes,  breaking  and  spreading  at 
the  top  into  a  shower  of  lovely  crystals 
and  globules,  which  lit  by  the  heavenly 
hues  of  the  rainbow  and  the  glistening 
of  the  sunlight  gave  it  the  appearance 
of  a  fountain  of  Paradise.  The  tre- 
mendous force  of  the  eruption  as  the 
column  shoots  away  into  the  air  carries 
great  boulders  a  hundred  feet  on  its 
course  if  thrown  fairly  into  it,  and  hurls 
sticks  or  lighter  objects  beyond  its  sum- 
mit a  considerable  distance.  The  wind 
carrying  the  descending  shower  off  to 
one  side  permitted  us  to  approach  the 
ascending  column  so  that  we  could  place 
our  hands  within  an  inch  of  it,  the 
velocity  of  the  eruption  was  so  great 
that  to  have  touched  the  furious  stream 
would  have  cost  a  hand  or  arm. 

De  Vallibus. 

Foolscap. — The  story  may  or  may 
not  be  true  that  King  James  I  of 
England  knighted  a  chine  of  beef  that 
pleased  his  palate  particularly  well,  and 
so  immortalized  the  name  "Sir-loin." 
But  this  is  only  one  of  a  hundred  nouns 
ill  common  use  whose  history  is  equally 


INTERVIEW  WITH  DAVID    WHITMER. 


whimsical.  Everybody  knows  what 
foolscap  paper  is,  but  we  doubt  whether 
one  in  a  hundred  of  those  who  use  it 
can  tell  why  it  is  so  called.  When  Oliver 
Cromwell  became  Protector  of  England, 
he  caused  the  stamp  of  the  Cap  of  Lib1 
erty  to  be  placed  upon  the  paper  used 
by  the"  Government.  Soon  after  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II,  when  he  had 
occasion  to  use  some  paper  for  dis- 
patches, some  of  this  government  paper 


was  brought  to  him.  On  looking  at  it 
he  inquired  the  meaning  of  it,  and  on 
being  told,  he  said,  "Take  it  away;  I'll 
have  nothing  to  do  with  a  fool's  cap." 
Thus  originated  the  word  foolscap, 
which  has  since  been  given  to  a  size  of 
writing  paper,  usually  about  sixteen 'by 
twenty-three  inches. 


Affliction,  like   the  ironsmith,  shapes 
as  it  smites. 


INTERVIEW  WITH    DAVID   WHITMER. 


I  met  an  aged  man  the  other  day, 
In  Richmond,  Missouri,  in  County  Ray. 
His  step  was  feeble,  but  his  eye  was  bright, 
And  in  it  beamed  intelligence  and  light. 

He  once  was  chosen  witness,  with  eleven, 
Of  ministrations  from  the  courts  of  Heaven. 
His  fellow  witnesses  have  passed  away, 
And  he  has  now  but  little  time  to  stay. 

Three  score  and  ten  have  bleached  his  aged  head; 
His  Prophet  friends  lie  numbered  with  the  dead. 
He,  on  Missouri's  battle  field,  alone 
Was  left  to  grapple  with  the  dread  cyclone. 

It  took  away  his  home,  but  left  intact 

The  room  and  box  with  scripture  records  packed, 

And  finished  up  its  sacrilegious  raid, 

Within  the  old  churchyard,  among  the  dead. 

It  ruthlessly  destroyed  the  tombs,  which  care 
Of  sympathetic  friends  erected  there; 
And  recklessly  tore  up  the  very  ground 
Where  Oliver's  remains  might  once  be  found. 

Give  me  the  quiet  valleys  of  the  west, 
Of  all  our  broad  domain,  in  which  to  rest; 
For  there  the  righteous  may  escape  the  rod 
Of  the  Eternal  and  Almighty  God. 

"Pray  is  it  true,"  I  asked,  "that  you  have  been 
With  heavenly  messengers,  and  have  seen 
The  records,  called  the  plates  of  brass  and  gold, 
Of  which  Moroni,  in  his  book,  has  told? 

"  'Tis  said  you  saw  an  angel  from  on  high, 
While  other  witnesses  were  standing  by, 
And  that  the  messenger  commanded  you 
To  testify  that  this  great  work  is  true. 

"Not  questioning  your  statement  that  I've  read, 
Or  what  the  other  witnesses  have  said, 


Yet  I  would  like  to  know  from  you  direct, 

If  we  have  read  or  heard  these  things  correct." 

He  lifted  up  his  voice,  and  thus  replied: 
"My  written  statement  I  have  ne'er  denied; 
I  saw  the  messenger,  and  heard  his  voice, 
And  other  things  that  made  my  heart  rejoice. 

"Joseph  Smith  and  Oliver  were  there, 
And  what  I  saw  and  heard  I  do  declare, 
With  words  of  soberness  and  sacred  truth; 
I've  borne  this  testimony  from  my  youth. 

"I  do  not  know  the  angel's  rank  or  name, 
Who  on  the  great  and  glorious  mission  came; 
I   know   that  he  was   clothed  with  power  and 

might, 
And  was  surrounded  with  effulgent  light. 

"No  tongue  can  tell  the  glory  and  the  power 
That  was  revealed  to  us  in  that  blest  hour. 
The  plates  of  brass  and  gold,  with  angel's  care, 
Were  placed  before  us  as  we  waited  there. 

"We  saw  the  fine  engravings  on  them,  too, 
And  heard  the  voice  declare  the  book  was  true. 
And  what  we  saw  and  heard  was  by  the  grace 
Of  Him  who  died  to  save  the  human  race. 

"We've  done  as  they  commanded  us  to  do, 
And  testify  the  Book  of  Mormon's  true, 
And  was  translated  by  the  power  given 
The  Prophet  Joseph  by  the  God  of  Heaven. 

'Thousands  of  people  have  been  here  to  see 
The  copy  Oliver  has  left  with  me; 
The  characters,  moreover,  Martin  took 
Professor  Anthon — words  of  sacred  book. 

"Some  visit  me  who  'Mormonism'  hate; 
Some  ranking  low,  and  some  of  high  estate. 
I  tell  them  all,  as  now  I  tell  to  you, 
The  Book  of  Mormon  is  of  God,  and  true. 


IO 


INTERVIEW  WITH  DAVID    WHITMER. 


"In  yonder  little  room  I  have,  with  care, 
Preserved  the  copy  and  the  words  so  rare — 
The  very  words  from  -Nephi's  sacred  book, 
That  Martin  to  Professor  Anthon  took. 

"If  this  be  not  truth,  there  is  no  truth, 
And  I  have  been  mistaken  from  my  youth. 
If  I'm  mistaken,  you  may  know  from  hence 
That  there's  no  God,  no  law,  no  life,  no  sense. 

"I  know  there  is  a  God — I've  heard  his  voice, 
And  in  his  power  and  truth  do  still  rejoice; 
Though  fools  may  ridicule  and  laugh  to-day, 
They  yet  shall  know  the  truth  of  what  I  say. 

"I've  suffered  persecution  at  the  hands, 

Of  hireling  preachers  and  their  Christian  bands; 

I've  braved  their  hatred,  and  have  them  with-- 

stood 
While  thirsting  for  the  youthful  Prophet's  blood. 

"They  came,  four  hundred   strong,  with  visage 

bold, 
And  said,  'Deny  this  story  you  have  told, 
And  by  our  sacred  honor  we'll  engage 
To  save  you  from  the  mob's  infuriate  rage.' 

"A  mighty  power  came  on  me,  and  I  spake 
In  manner  that  did  make  the  mobbers  quake, 
And  trembling  seized  the  surging  crowd,  and  fear, 
And  evidenced  to  me  that  God  was  near." 

Thus  spake  the  aged  witness  of  the  way 
The  Lord  commenced  his  work  in  this  our  day. 
If  men  will  not  believe  what  God  hath  said 
They'll  not  believe  should  one   rise   from    the 
dead. 

Here  was  a  man  who,  in  his  youth,  amazed 
Had  on  a  messenger  from  Heaven  gazed, 
Presenting  plates  of  rich  and  varied  size, 
And  filled  his  soul  with  wonder  and  surprise. 

Not  only  he,  but  there  were  other  ten, 

All  truthful,  brave  and  honorable  men, 

With  same  integrity,  have  ever  told 

That  they  had  seen  the  sacred  plates  of  gold. 

I  asked  a  Gentile  lawyer  if  he  knew 

The  witnesses,  and  if  he  thought  them  true. 

"Well,  yes,"  he  said,    "I've   known  them  from 

my  youth, 
And  know  them  to  be  men  of  sterling  truth. 

"What  David  Whitmer  says  the  people  know, 
May  be  regarded  as  precisely  so. 
He's  not  a  man  to  shade  the  truth,  or  lie, 
But  one  on  whom  you  safely  may  rely. 

"And  Mr.  Cowdery,  I  have  known  him  too; 
More  truthful  man  than  he  I  never  knew. 
And  as  lawyer  he  was  shrewd  and  bright, 
And  always  made  an  honorable  fight." 


"Think  you  that  Joseph  Smith  could  them   de- 
ceive, 
By  forging  plates,  could  make  them  all  believe 
That  they  had  seen  an  angel  of  the  Lord, 
Or  perjure  them,  and  all,  with  one  accord?" 

"These  men,"   said  he,  "were  not  that   kind  of 

stuff 
Of  clever  swindlers  the  world  has  not  enough, 
To  blind  their  eyes   or  swerve  them  from  the 

truth, 
And  such  has  been  their  character  from  youth." 

I  asked  a  Gentile  doctor,  and  was  told 

That  David  Whitmer's  word  was  good  as  gold. 

"His  honesty  is  fairly  crystallized— 

His  name  will  ever  be  immortalized. 

"Although  its  all  a  mystery  to  me, 
I  know  he's  honest  as  a  man  can  be; 
I'd  stake  upon  his  word  my  very  life, 
And  so  would  this  my  good  and  noble  wife. 

"I  never  go  to  hear  these  parsons  preach, 
They  nothing  know,  can  therefore  nothing  teach. 
My  wife  can  tell  me  more  of  truth  and  God, 
Than  all  the  doctors  in  their  grand  synod." 

I  interviewed  an  aged  lady  there — 
The  doctor's  guest,  moreover,  his  belle-mere. 
In  youthful  days,  Miss  Whitmer  was  her  name, 
And  changed  for  Cowdery,  of  historic  fame. 

Nobility  was  stamped  upon  her  face, 
Like  royal  signet  of  her  father's  race; 
And  David's  lineaments  were  plainly  there, 
But  moulded,  it  would  seem,  with  greater  care. 

She  spoke  of  thrilling  scenes  of  early  life, 
When  she  and  Oliver  were  man  and  wife. 
But  he  has  passed  the  dark  and  mystic  river, 
By  order  of  the  Author  and  the  Giver. 

"I  know,"  she  said,  "this  work  will  never  fail, 
Though  all  the  nations  may  its  friends  assail. 
'Tis  come,  as  I  have  heard  the  Prophets  say, 
To  stand  forever,  though  heavens  pass  away." 

Such  is  the  substance  of  an  interview 

That  tends  to  show  this  mighty  work  is  true; 

And  being  true,  'tis  folly  to  oppose 

The  unseen  power  by  which  the  system  grows. 

Some  States  have  spent  upon  it  rage  and  fury, 
Despoiled  its  people  without  judge  or  jury; 
And  forced  them  in  the  mountain  vales  to  hide, 
And  trust  in  Him  who  doth  His  people  guide. 

'Twas  not  the  province  of  poor,  erring  man, 
To  formulate  this  great  and  glorious  plan, 
Nor  is  it  in  the  power  of  man  to  stay 
Its  onward  progress,  or  block  up  its  way. 

y ames  H.  Hart. 


POLITICAL   INSTITUTIONS. 


II 


POLITICAL    INSTITUTIONS. 


In  treating  a  subject  so  much  devel- 
oped historically  and  so  little  formulated 
by  scientific  rules,  I  prefer  to  show  how 
political  institutions  have  grown,  rather 
than  open  a  discussion  upon  the  defini- 
tion and  branches  of  government.  The 
precursor  of  government  is  found  in  the 
formation  of  society,  which  develops  in 
consequence  of  the  wants  of  man,  and 
because  God  has  ordained  that  it  is  not 
good  for  man  to  be  alone.  The  imper- 
fect conditions  and  wicked  inclinations 
of  all  mankind  enter  largely  into  society, 
each  of  whose  members  is  forced  to 
give  up  a  portion  of  his  comforts  to  pro- 
tect himself  against  the  intrusion  of 
others.  The  wickedness  on  the  part  of 
the  children  of  God  necessitates  pun- 
ishment, which  can  be  inflicted  only  by 
laws  devised  by  man.  These  laws,  in 
the  beginning,  according  to  history, 
have  been  the  very  essence  of  imper- 
fection; but  when  we  realize  that  our 
mission  on  earth  is  the  education  and 
perfection  of  mankind,  that  the  laws  of 
man  must  be  made  perfect,  even  as  the 
laws  of  nature  or  the  laws  of  God  are 
perfect,  we  are  prepared  to  conceive 
the  importance  of  the  progressive 
methods  to  be  employed  in  administer- 
ing justice  and  controlling  the  affairs  of 
man. 

If  government  became  so  absolute 
and  tyrannical  in  consequence  of  the 
immoral  attitude  of  man,  then  the  cure 
must  be  found  in  the  moral,  rather 
than  the  intellectual  conditions  of  his 
life.  I  speak  of  these  conditions  in  their 
primary  sense.  In  their  advanced  con- 
dition they  enter  more  or  less  into  a 
compound,  and  at  times  have  become  a 
component  part  of  a  nation.  It  is  not 
recorded  in  history  that  the  intellectual 
preceded  the  moral,  but  that  nations 
have  built  upon  moral  qualifications — 
the  whole  network  of  intellectual  pur- 
suits. When,  however,  the  two  terms 
are  held  in  contrast,  it  is  from  a  primary 
condition  into  which  both  enter.  When 
morality    is     at    the    foundation    of    a 


nation's  growth,  the  mental  attainments 
of  the  people  are  healthy  and  the  politi- 
cal institutions  are  sacred;  but  it  fre- 
quently happens  that  governments 
which  have  become  prominent,  by  a 
mixture  of  the  two,  in  the  acme  of  their 
strength  lose  their  moral  force,  and 
become  subject  to  the  elements  of  des- 
truction, and  fall  into  obscurity.  Virtue 
belongs  to  the  healthy  condition  of 
every  country;  and  whenever  virtue,  or 
any  of  the  factors  of  a  nation's  growth 
are  disregarded,  the  political  institutions 
become  diseased,  and  mortify  with  ex- 
ceeding rapidity. 

Whenever  a  man  abandons  the  habits  of 
living  that  make  him  strong  and  healthy, 
there  is  no  longer  safety  from  disease  and 
destruction.  It  is  eternal  vigilance  and 
adherence  to  the  laws  of  right  living  that 
insure  health.  Nations,  like  men,  grow, 
oscillate,  and  die  as  they  have  lived. 
The  term  growth  is  no  more  applicable 
to  the  individual  man  than  to  the  nation, 
for  nations  grow  from  birth  with  all 
degrees  of  strength  and  character;  they 
are  subject  to  disease  and  all  the  infirm- 
ities of  the  man  who  collectively  makes 
them.  Now,  when  we  know  what 
effects  are  consequent  to  certain  causes, 
when  we  know  why  some  men  are 
wealthy,  and  some  poor,  why  some 
possess  one  trait  of  character  and  some 
another;  and  above  all,  when  we  know 
exactly  what  kind  of  discipline  will 
insure  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  child, 
or  what  kind  will  destroy  its  manhood 
and  usefulness,  we  are  prepared,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  understand  the  cir- 
cumstances of  a  nation's  growth.  If 
personal  growth  and  characteristics  may 
be  applied  to  a  nation,  why  not  speak  of 
the  world  as  made  up  of  individuals, 
whose  union  indicates  instead  of  an 
individual  an  universal  man?  Thus 
speaking  of  the  world  as  an  universal 
man,  we  include  all  the  attributes  of  its 
constituent  parts.  Looking  then  upon 
the  world  as  a  man,  we  must  view  its 
birth,  growth,  maturity  and  death,  from 
the  standpoint  of  individuality.     But  as 


12 


POLITICAL   INSTITUTIONS. 


our  domain  in  treating  this  subject 
extends  only  over  political  institutions, 
that  part  must  suffice  in  what  we 
believe  to  be  a  striking  comparison. 

In  a  retrospective  view,  trace  the  con- 
ditions  of  a   man's  growth,  and  especi- 
ally that  part  which  has  most  to  do  with 
the    government    under  which  he   has 
been    placed    from   childhood.      As     a 
child,    the    parental    control    has    been 
absolute,    he    goes    and     comes    at    a 
parent's  bidding,  and  assumes  no  respon- 
sibility which  belongs  to  the  independ- 
ence of  manhood.     As  the  child  grows, 
he  contends  for  his  own  way,  in  which, 
at    times,    he    may    greatly    err.      The 
struggle  goes  on   between   parent   and 
child;  the  former  points  to  the  inability 
of  the  latter,  and  for  misused  privileges, 
denies  the  child  a  certain  liberty.     The 
latter  propelled  by  the  instinct  of  man- 
hood, resists  the  restraint,  as  the  strife 
goes  on.     At  each  period  of  his  life,  the 
individual  has   had  to  contend  for  the^ 
liberties    and     responsibilities    of    that 
period.     Soon    manhood    dawns    upon 
him,  and  the  parent  no  longer  dictates; 
he  is  able  to  act  and  think  for  himself; 
he  is  forced  to  defend  and  protect  what 
the  parent  was  pledged  to  defend.     He 
accumulates  and  thinks  for  himself,  and 
so  acting,  takes  his  station  among  men. 
Thus   we   find   government  in   child- 
hood absolute,  and  certain  liberties  ac- 
companying every  progressive  step.     In 
perfect  manhood  we  recognize  a  perfect 
liberty.      The  world  was  born  into  an 
absolute    government.      No   nations  of 
antiquity,      through      the      established 
authority,  conceded  any  rights  to  their 
subjects,  whatever;   the  great  principle 
of   the  rights  of   man  had  never   fully 
illumined    the    horizon    of  the  ancient 
world.       Government,    absolute    in    its 
form,  characterizes  the  ancients.  Broken 
fragments  glittered  in  their  firmament 
in  the  days  of  Greece  and  Rome;  but 
liberty    never    shone   in    the   full  vigor 
of    day    until    the    advent    of   modern 
civilization.        It   must   then   appear   to 
every  thoughtful  man  that  the  grandest 
principle   ordained  of  God    is  growth: 
the  growth  of  man,  yes  the  growth  of 
every    living  thing,  for  with   things   as 


with  men,  usefulness  is  attaiffcd  only  in 
their  growth. 

The  birth  of  everything,  whether  the 
vegetable,  the  animal,  or  the  man,  is 
not  of  our  giving,  but  their  growth  is 
left  to  our  keeping.  Then  it  is  rather 
the  growth  than  the  birth  of  political 
institutions  that  we  have  to  look  to. 
Growth  implies  infancy,  and  the  princi- 
ples of  government,  developed  in  the 
minds  of  men,  have  had  their  infancy. 
Infancy  is  coupled  with  weakness 
and  dependence,  and  dependence  signi- 
fies those  conditions  which  belong  to 
servitude.  If  we  know  nothing  of  the 
history  of  government  more  than  (like 
everything  associated  with  the  princi- 
ples of  life)  it  must  grow,  we  might  feel 
assured  that  in  its  ancient  form  it  was 
absolute  even  as  parental  government  is 
absolute.  But  this  absolutism  does  not 
imply  an  injustice  to  a  people  any  more 
than  it  does  to  a  child. 

We  are  prone  to  remark  that  if  a  child 
has  its  own  way  its  ruin  is  inevitable; 
nor  is  this  any  more  true  than  it  would 
be  applied  to  nations  of  antiquity,  or 
even  modern  times,  if  those  nations 
were  not  qualified  by  experience  and  all 
the  other  conditions  of  liberty.  The 
•possession  of  liberty  does  not  insure  its 
continuance  in  man  any  more  than  in 
the  nation.  The  maintenance  of  liberty 
is  based  upon  well  defined  laws  which 
society  enforces  according  to  conditions 
of  the  aggregate,  which  is  the  sum  total 
of  all  the  dispositions  of  the  individual 
man. 

It  is  readily  understood  then  from 
what  precedes  that  government  is  the 
effect  of  certain  conditions  of  man,  that 
systems  make  government,  and  that  to 
know  how  political  institutions  are 
formed,  we  must  know  the  systems  out 
of  which  they  grow.  The  religious, 
intellectual,  and  moral  conditions  of  a 
people  must  be  known.  I  put  the 
religious  first,  because  religion,  more 
than  all  others,  has  to  do  with  making 
nations,  it  is  the  most  potent  factor  in 
the  civilization  of  the  world.  Indeed 
an  eminent  writer  has  said,  "show  me 
your  religion,  and  I  will  tell  you  your 
government."       I    distinguish    religion 


A  MASTERLY  RETREAT. 


13 


and  morality,  for  though  religion  should 
include  both,  it  practically  excludes 
morality  in  the  most  striking  historical 
illustrations  of  national  maturity.  It  is 
the  express  purpose  of  what  succeeds  to 
indicate  at  least  why  political  institutions 
have  been  tyrannical  or  liberal,  how  they 
have  grown,and  why  they  have  crumbled; 
why  the  world  has  developed  them  from 
infancy  to  their  present  advanced  state. 
But  it  might  be  said  that  God  has  so 
ordained  the  growth  of  man,  who  col- 
lectively makes  systems.  While  it  is 
true  that  the  hand  of  God  controls  the 
progress  of  nations,  it  does  not  follow 
that  there  are  no  fixed  moral  laws  or 
order  and  science  in  their  growth.  Since 
man  is  endowed  with  a  higher  and  more 
perfect  organization  than  inorganic 
matter,  it  follows  that  the  laws  which 
control  and  marshal  his  forces  are 
higher  and  more  advanced  than  the  laws 
pertaining  to  the  material  world.  Or  it 
might  be  said  that  the  moral  law  is 
higher  than  the  natural  law,  terms  that 
differ  more  in  degree  than  kind. 

An  error  which  many  fall  into  might 
here  be  mentioned,  that  those  who  study 
political  institutions  may  know  that  the 
conditions  of  man  are  not  in  conse- 
quence of  the  form  of  government,  but 
that  government  is  the  outgrowth  of  the 


conditions  of  man;  it  should  be  consid- 
ered an  effect  rather  than  a  cause.  Nor 
does  the  form  of  government  so  much 
affect  the  welfare  of  a  people  as  a  con- 
sistent application  of  its  principles,  and 
the  strict  maintenance  of  its  laws,  or  to 
quote  from  Merrick:  "Laws  or  constitu- 
tions have  but  little  value,  except  public 
opinion  demands  their  enforcement. 
When  the  universal  sentiment  of  a  free 
people  is  opposed  to  a  statute,  it  might 
as  well  not  be  written;  it  is  practically  a 
dead  letter.  It  therefore  seems  to  be  of ' 
little  avail  to  contend  about  the  adoption 
of  laws  distasteful  to  the  community  in 
which  they  are  to  be  enforced,  and  little 
use  in  passing  them.  The  only  true 
method  of  obtaining  beneficial  legis- 
lation is  to  educate  the  people,  who  are 
to  enforce  the  laws  among  themselves, 
to  understand  their  necessity  or  useful- 
ness. Most  communities,  when  left  free 
to  act,  understand  their  own  wants  and 
necessities  better  than  anybody  else." 
The  principles  and  history  of  political 
institutions  warrants  the  conclusion  that 
no  nation  ever  enjoyed  a  government, 
absolute  or  liberal  that  was  not  in  exact 
accordance  with  the  wants,  necessities 
and  virtues  of  the  people  who  made  it, 
and  for  whom  it  was  made. 

J.  M.  Tanner. 


A    MASTERLY    RETREAT. 


On  the  seventeenth  of  January,  1781, 
Colonel  Morgan  had  routed  the  forces 
of  the  dashing  British  Colonel  Tarleton; 
and  Lord  Cornwallis,  determined  to 
punish  the  victors  and  recapture  the 
prisoners,  burned  his  baggage,  put 
his  troops  into  light  marching  order,  and 
started  in  hot  haste  after  the  Americans, 
who  were  on  their  way  to  join  the  main 
army  under  General  Greene,  now  cross- 
ing the  Catawba. 

Three  large  rivers  rise  in  the  north- 
western parts  of  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, and  flow  southeasterly  toward  the 
Atlantic.  The  first,  or  most  southern 
one,  is  the  Catawba,  which  empties  into 
the  Santee;  next  is  the  Yadkin,  flowing 


into  the  Pedee;  and  the  most  northern 
is  the  Dan,  winding  back  and  forth  over 
the  Virginia  line,  and  emptying  into  the 
Roanoke.  A  retreating  army  between  a 
deep  river  and  a  powerful  antagonist  is 
in  a  very  perilous  situation;  while  one 
between  two  armies  effectually  separ- 
ates them  for  some  time.  Morgan  hav- 
ing joined  Greene,  and  passed  safely 
over  the  Catawba,  the  great  effort  of 
Lord  Cornwallis  was  now  to  overtake 
his  weak  adversary  somewhere  between 
the  great  rivers;  while  General  Greene 
was  making  every  effort  to  keep  a 
stream  dividing  him  and  his  foe.  Heavy 
rain  storms  had  swollen  the  river  so  as 
to  prevent  the  British  commander  from 


H 


A   MAS  TERL  J '  RE  TREA  T. 


crossing.  But  after  a  couple  of  days' 
delay,  he  decided,  by  a  night  march  to  a 
private  ford,  to  deceive  the  patriots  and 
cross  the  river  without  opposition;  in 
this,  however,  he  was  disappointed,  for 
the  ever-vigilant  Greene  had  stationed  a 
body  of  militia  there  to  dispute  the  pas- 
sage. Before  daybreak  the  British  col- 
umn had  reached  the  river;  the  rain  was 
falling  in  torrents,  and  the  turbid,  foam- 
ing stream,  whose  roaring  broke  the 
solemn  stillness  of  all  else  around, 
seemed  indeed  uninviting  in  the  gloom. 
Cornwallis  reined  his  steed  on  the  bank, 
and  gazed  long  and  anxiously  through 
the  misty  darkness.  All  seemed  quiet, 
but  the  soldier's  keen  eye  detected  oc- 
casional flashes  of  camp  fires  in  the  for- 
est, showing  too  well  that  his  foe  was 
not  to  be  caught  napping.  The  order  to 
advance  was  given,  and  the  troops 
boldly  entered  the  channel,  holding 
their  muskets  over  their  heads,  and 
steadying  each  other  on  the  slippery 
bottom.  The  cavalry  plunged  through, 
though  many  a  horse  and  rider  was 
borne  down  by  the  rapid  stream. 

The  head  of  the  column  had  scarcely 
reached  the  centre  of  the  river  when  the 
sentinels  on  the  opposite  shore  gave  a 
warning  signal,  and  a  few  moments  after 
five  hundred  Americans  poured  in  a 
destructive  volley,  thinning  the  ranks  of 
the  advancing  foe.  Cornwallis'  horse 
was  shot  under  him,  but  the  noble  ani- 
mal struggled  onward,  bringing  his  rider 
safely  to  shore.  The  intrepid  troops 
moved  quickly  forward,  and  the  militia 
were  compelled  to  give  way  before  su- 
perior force.  The  British  commander 
was  now  on  the  same  side  as  his  adver- 
sary, and  determined  to  follow  him  up 
and  crush  him  at  a  blow.  Greene  had 
no  sooner  learned  of  his  enemy's  suc- 
cessful movement  than  he  was  on  his 
way  to  the  Yadkin.  For  three  days  the 
worn  and  ragged  patriots  dragged  them- 
selves and  baggage  through  the  deep 
mud  and  drenching  rain,  stopping  but  a 
few  hours  to  eat  and  rest.  By  midnight 
on  the  evening  of  February  3d,  the  last 
of  the  American  army  were  embarked, 
the  British  advance  guard  being  so  close 
as  to  give  them  a  parting  volley.     Not  a 


boat  was  left  behind,  and  the  heavy 
rains  had  made  the  river  unfordable, 
compelling  the  British  to  halt.  Next 
morning  saw  the  two  armies  encamped 
within  view  of  each  other,  the  Yadkin 
surging  and  threatening  between,  as  if 
guarding  the  patriots  and  bidding  defi- 
ance to  the  invader.  Furious  at  this 
second  escape  of  their  enemy,  the  Brit- 
ish planted  their  artillery  along  the 
banks  of  the  river,  and  began  a  heavy 
cannonade  on  the  American  camp;  but 
the  latter  rested  in  security  behind  an 
elevated  ridge.  A  small  cabin,  almost 
hidden  behind  the  rocks,  was  chosen  by 
Greene  as  his  headquarters.  This  was  a 
special  object  for  the  British  marksmen, 
and  it  was  not  long  before  the  roof  of 
the  cabin  was  struck,  but  the  stern  war- 
rior within  wrote  on  peacefully,  while 
his  troops  were  enjoying  the  repose  so 
hardly  won. 

Four  days  passed  before  Cornwallis 
was  enabled  to  move  forward.  Crossing 
the  river  a  few  miles  below,  he  advanced 
to  where  the  Americans  had  encamped, 
only  to  find  them  on  the  march  for 
Guildford  Court  House,  where  Greene 
had  directed  a  large  body  of  troops  to 
meet  him,  and  where  he  had  determined 
to  turn  on  his  pursuer.  But  to  his  great 
disappointment,  on  reaching  Guildford, 
he  learned  that  the  re-inforcements 
promised  had  not  arrived.  Here  was 
now  a  serious  difficulty.  The  English 
army  was  composed  almost  entirely  of 
well-disciplined  veterans,  and  numbered 
nearly  double  that  of  the  Americans, 
who  at  best  were  but  raw  troops,  and  it 
would  be  madness  to  risk  a  battle  under 
such  circumstances;  while  retreat  was 
now  next  to  impossible.  In  the  hope  of 
obtaining  sufficient  additions  to  his 
force  to  enable  him  to  hold  the  .foe  in 
check,  Greene  had  suffered  Cornwallis 
to  approach  so  close  that  there  seemed 
scarce  a  hope  of  escape,  and  the  British 
commander  deemed  his  prey  at  last  se- 
cure. 

But  Greene  was  not  to  be  daunted. 
On  the  tenth  of  February,  the  Ameri- 
cans were  again  in  motion.  The  armies 
were  now  about  twenty-five  miles  apart. 
The  next  river — the  Dan — was  deep,  and 


A   MASTERLY  RETREAT. 


15 


had  to  be  ferried  over,  except  at  a  ford  a 
considerable  distance  up  the  stream.  This 
Cornwallis  knew,  and  expected  Greene 
to  make  for  the  fords;  he  therefore 
placed  his  army  (which  could  move 
more  rapidly  than  the  Americans,  who 
had  their  baggage  to  carry)  in  a  position 
to  assure  a  complete  victory.  Greene 
at  once  divined  the  intention  of  his  wily 
antagonist,  and  gave  orders  for  all  the 
boats  to  be  congregated  on  the  lower 
Dan,  where  he  expected  to  meet  the  re- 
inforcements from  Virginia,  and  at  the 
same  time  place  his  army  in  safety.  It 
was  now  necessary  to  deceive  the  Brit- 
ish in  order  to  follow  out  this  plan.  For 
this  purpose,  and  to  better  cover  the  re- 
treat, Colonel  Williams,  with  a  large 
detachment  of  chosen  troops,  was  sent 
to  keep  the  foe  in  check.  Williams  im- 
mediately marched  boldly  against  the 
entire  British  army,  with  the  evident  in- 
tention of  giving  battle.  Cornwallis, 
believing  this  to  be  the  advance  guard 
of  the  American  army  resolved  on  a 
desperate  struggle  to  escape,  formed 
his  troops  in  line  of  battle,  and  made 
preparations  for  a  determined  resist- 
ance. 

This  successful  ruse  detained  the 
British  long  enough  for  the  patriots  to 
get  a  start  on  their  road,  without  which 
they  must  have  failed.  It  was  now  mid- 
winter, and  the  roads,  which  a  few  days 
ago  were  deep  mud,  were  now  frozen 
hard  and  rough,  and  over  these  the 
weary,  half  clothed  and  almost  bare- 
footed soldiers  were  compelled  to  drag 
themselves  to  avoid  destruction. 

Cornwallis,  discovering  his  error, 
again  began  the  pursuit  in  good  earnest. 
But  there  were  now  obstacles  in  his 
path,  for  Williams,  with  his  gallant  rear- 
guard, kept  between  the  two  armies,  * 
slowly  retreating,  and  striking  a  blow  at 
every  opportunity.  The  fate  of  the  pa- 
triot army  depended  on  their  skill  and 
courage,  and  every  officer  and  man  real- 
ized this  fact.  There  were  Lee's  gallant 
legion,  and  Washington's  heavy-mount- 
ed horsemen,  heroes  every  one.  With 
unceasing  vigilance,  these  brave  men 
hovered  around  the  advancing  column 
so  close  as  to  compel  them  to  keep  in 


close  marching  order  to  protect  them- 
selves from  attack.  The  least  negli- 
gence, and  the  blow  would  come  like  a 
thunderbolt.  No  rearguard  could  be- 
have better  than  this  one.  The  men 
were  allowed  but  one  meal  a  day,  and 
three  hours'  sleep  out  of  the  twenty-four; 
by  starting  three  hours  before  daylight 
and  pushing  forward,  the}'  obtained  rest 
for  breakfast,  the  last  food  until  the  next 
morning.  Yet  these  brave  fellows  bore 
all  without  murmuring,  and  day  after 
day,  night  after  night,  presented  the 
same  bold,  threatening  front  to  the  ene- 
my. By  their  action  they  deluded  Corn- 
wallis into  believing  the  whole  American 
army  to  be  in  front,  and  he  rejoiced  to 
think  that  when  it  reached  the  river  it 
must  perish,  having  no  time  to  cross. 

The  retreating  army  presented  at  this 
time  a  most  heartrending  spectacle. 
With  but  little  clothing,  many  without 
shoes,  and  but  one  blanket  to  every  four 
men,  they  struggled  through  the  mire  or 
left  their  blood  on  the  frozen  ground, 
and  at  night,  when  a  little  rest  was  af- 
forded them,  three  men  would  lie  on  the 
damp  ground  with  one  blanket  over 
them,  while  the  fourth  did  duty  as  senti- 
nel, many  perishing  from  exposure. 
Over  hills,  across  streams,  through  for- 
ests, in  the  wintry  storm  and  piercing 
wind,  having  to  dry  their  clothing  by  the 
heat  of  their  own  bodies,  they  toiled  on- 
ward. Their  brave  commander,  grieved 
at  their  great  distress,  and  faring  no  bet- 
ter than  his  men,  did  all  he  could  to  en- 
courage them,  by  his  cheering  words 
and  bright  example,  to  hasten  on  to- 
ward the  promised  rest.  From  the  time 
he  had  crossed  the  Catawba,  he  had  not 
taken  off  his  clothes,  and  none  were 
earlier  in  the  saddle  or  later  out  of  it 
than  he.  With  dangers  gathering  thick 
around  him,  the  heroic  warrior  was  un- 
dismayed, and  resolved  on  victory.  He 
knew  full  well  that  if  the  rearguard  fell, 
ruin  was  certain.  But  this  would  not  be. 
Every  stratagem  was  defeated,  every 
surprise  disconcerted,  and  every  plan  to 
destroy  it  successfully  thwarted  by  the 
untiring,  resolute  leaders.  Often  the  men 
wished  to  return  the  fire  of  the  enemy's 
vanguard,  but  the  strict  orders  never  to 


i6 


A  MASTERLY  RETREAT. 


fire  but  when  directed,  were  obeyed. 
The  race  was  for  life,  and  nobly,  grand- 
ly, was  it  won. 

At  last  the  army  arrived  within  forty 
miles  of  the  welcome  stream  that  was  to 
afford  them  protection  and  rest.  All 
night  long  they  marched  onward 
through  the  gloom,  hope  giving  new  life 
and  energy.  Another  day  would  gain 
for  them  the  wished-for  prize.  On  that 
cold,  dreary  night,  the  rearguard,  as 
they  were  forced  to  slowly  retreat  before 
the  advancing  foe,  about  ten  o'clock, 
suddenly  discovered  camp  fires  blazing 
in  the  distance,  and  hope  sank  within 
their  breasts.  There,  then,  was  the  army 
for  which  they  had  suffered  so  much  and 
struggled  so  hard,  overtaken  at  last,  and 
sure  to  fall.  A  halt  was  ordered;  a  short 
consultation  was  held  by  the  leaders, 
who  resolved,  to  a  man,  to  throw  their 
whole  force  in  one  desperate  charge 
upon  the  enemy,  and  thus  gain  a  few 
hours'  time  for  those  they  were  striving 
to  save.  But  these  noble  men  were 
spared  the  trial;  for,  although  the  fires 
were  kindled  by  their  comrades,  the  lat- 
ter were  miles  in  advance,  weak  and 
weary,  but  with  gladdening  hearts  at 
their  increased  prospects  of  escape. 

Lord  Cornwallis,  when  he  reached  the 
camp  fires,  believed  himself  almost  up- 
on the  Americans,  and  halting  but  a  few 
moments,  pushed  on,  marching  all  night. 
When  daylight  came,  the  van  was  close 
upon  the  gallant  rearguard,  and  Corn- 
wallis determined  to  strike  the  final 
blow.  Preparatory  to  this,  that  rear- 
guard must  fall,  and  then  Greene,  with 
his  army,  or  all  the  arduous  labors  of 
the  past  three  weeks,  would  be  vain. 
Here  he  had  resolved  to  destroy  that 
army,  regain  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas 
and  if  it  was  within  human  power  he 
would  do  it.  His  veterans  closed  more 
steadily  upon  the  guard  as  they  pressed 
forward  with  greater  energy.  But  Colo- 
nel Williams,  with  Lee's  legion  and 
Washington's  horsemen,  fearless  and 
skilful,  strove  desperately,  though  with 
but  little  success,  to  stay  the  rapidly  ad- 
vancing army,  who  drove  everything  be- 
fore them.  These  were  hours  of  painful 
suspense  and  weary  labor,  neither  friend 


nor  foe  knowing  the  precise  situation  of 
Greene  and  the  main  army. 

At  noon  a  single  horseman  was  seen 
rapidly  approaching  the  road  so  lately 
passed  by  Greene.  Reining  his  horse 
beside  the  commander  of  the  heroic 
band,  he  exclaimed,  "The  army  is  over 
the  river!"  A  loud  huzza  rent  the  air, 
and  many  wept  at  the  joyful  news. 
Colonel  Williams  directed  Lee's  legion 
to  remain  and  cover  the  retreat,  while 
the  main  portion  of  the  guard  hastened 
forward.  Approaching  the  river,  there, 
alone,  worn  and  haggard,  gazing  anx- 
iously along  the  road  by  which  they 
were  expected,  they  beheld  the  indom- 
itable Greene.  He  had  seen  his  army 
safely  over  the  river,  but  had  remained 
behind  himself  to  learn  of  the  fate  of  his 
noble  guard,  and  to  give  them  any  nec- 
essary aid.  As  they  neared  their  brave 
chieftain,  cheer  after  cheer  went  up,  and 
were  re-echoed  from  the  opposite  shore. 
Night  had  now  come  on,  and  the  troops 
were  quickly  crowded  into  the  boats 
and  despatched  to  the  other  side.  This 
task  was  but  just  completed  when  Lee's 
legion  came  thundering  toward  the 
ferry,  the  British  van  being  not  far  in  the 
rear.  The  former  dismounted  and 
sprang  into  the  boats  waiting,  the  horses 
were  pushed  into  the  water  after  them, 
Lee  himself  being  the  last  to  embark;  he 
would  not  move  till  his  brave  legion 
were  all  safe,  and  just  as  the  boat  which 
bore  him  touched  the  opposite  shore, 
the  British  reached  the  bank  he  had  just 
left,  and  a  joyful  shout  went  up  from  the 
American  camp.  The  pursuers  rapidly 
formed  along  the  river,  but  they  were 
too  late.  Not  a  boat  remained,  and  a 
deep,  broad  river  forbade  any  farther 
advance.  Great  was  the  chagrin  of 
Lord  Cornwallis  at  the  result;  without 
avail  had  been  the  destruction  of  all  his 
baggage,  and  a  terrible  march  of  nearly 
three  hundred  miles  had  been  made 
only  to  be  retraced. 

It  would  be  vain  to  attempt  to  des- 
cribe the  joyous  feelings  which  reigned 
in  the  patriot  camp  that  night.  The 
gallant  rearguard  were  hailed  by  the 
army  as  their  deliverers,  the  lacerated 
feet,  stiffened  limbs,  and  scanty  clothing 


DOWN   THE  LAKES. 


17 


were  forgotten,  and  the  wintry  blast  un- 
heeded, in  the  time  of  general  rejoicing. 
Merrily  the  troops  chatted  together,  re- 
counting the  dangers  passed,  the  hard- 
ships borne,  the  perils  escaped,  and 
talked  of  the  near  future,  when  they 
themselves  would  pursue  those  from 
whom  kind  Providence  had  delivered 
them.  And  Greene,  as  he  looked  grate- 
fully down  upon  the  broad,  deep  current 
rolling  by,  felt  as  if  a  heavy  burden  had 
been  lifted  off  him,  and  contemplated 
with  pleasure  and  satisfaction  the  suc- 
cessful issue;  then  turned  to  his  tent  to 
lay  his  plans  for  meeting  the  enemy. 

Here  ended  this  retreat,  as  glorious  as 
it  was  arduous.  For  the  skill  with  which 
it  was  planned,  the  energy  and  deter- 
mination with  which  it  was  executed, 
the  distance  traveled  in  spite  of  the  al- 


most insurmountable  obstacles  met,  it 
stands  alone  in  the  annals  of  our  coun- 
try, and  will  bear  comparison  with  the 
most  renowned  feats  recorded  in  an- 
cient or  modern  warfare.  For  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles,  over  a  country 
affording  no  natural  advantages  where  a 
stand  could  be  made,  crossing  three 
large  rivers,  traversing  forests,  through 
rain  and  mud,  over  ice  and  frozen 
ground,  Greene  had  conducted  the  re- 
treat for  twenty  days,  and  baffled  every 
effort  of  his  powerful  adversary  to  force 
him  to  a  decisive  conflict,  and  had 
really  gained  a  victory  which  covered 
him  with  glory  and  stamped  him  as  a 
srreat  commander.  Grceme. 


If  weak  or  strong — when  put  to  the  test, 
He  does  his  duty  who  does  his  best. 


DOWN    THE    LAKES. 


We  had  three  weeks  to  make  the  trip 
from  Chicago  to  Quebec,  and  the  ques- 
tion arose,  shall  we  go  by  rail  in  two 
days  and  spend  the  rest  of  the  time 
idling,  or  shall  we  take  a  voyage  on  the 
lakes  and  visit  as  we  pass  a  few  of  the 
old  historical  landmarks?  We  concluded 
to  do  the  latter,  so,  on  a  beautiful  Sep- 
tember afternoon  in  1875,  we  went  on 
board  the  magnificent  steamer  City  of 
Montreal,  then  lying  in  Chicago  river. 
Just  as  the  twilight  was  deepening  into 
darkness,  the  bell  sounded,  the  steamer 
loosed  from  her  moorings,  and  we  floated 
out  upon  the  heaving  bosom  of  Lake 
Michigan.  Never  did  Chicago  seem 
more  extensive  than  on  that  evening. 
Along  the  streets  that  stretched  in  a 
westerly  direction,  the  street  lamps  glit- 
tered, till  at  length  they  seemed  mingled 
into  a  stream  of  light,  and  faded  in  the 
distance.  Northward  and  southward, 
following  the  curved  line  of  the  shore, 
the  lights  of  the  city  could  be  seen  for  a 
distance  of  sixteen  miles:  while,  reflected 
in  the  smooth  surface  of  the  water, 
seemed  another  city  of  equally  vast  pro- 
portions. 

After  passing  the  "crib,"  as  it  is  called, 


from  whence  Chicago  receives  her  sup- 
ply of  pure  cold  water  from  the  middle 
of  the  lake,  by  means  of  a  tunnel  to  the 
shore,  and  after  enjoying  a  promenade 
on  deck,  we  retired  to  our  berths,  only 
to  wake  up  at  daylight  and  find  our- 
selves in  the  harbor  of  Milwaukee,  the 
metropolis  of  Wisconsin.  While  the 
steamer  was  taking  on  wood  and  freight, 
we  took  a  stroll  through  the  city.  Mil- 
waukee, as  is  well  known,  is  remarkable 
for  its  cream  colored  brick  buildings 
and  lager  beer;  we  might  also  add,  fat 
Dutch  babies.  The  streets  are  narrow, 
as  compared  with  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
quite  irregular.  Saloons  are  numerous) 
frequently  with  sanded  floors  and  pine 
branches  fastened  in  various  places 
around  the  room  and  over  the  entrance 
door;  also  pictures  of  King  William 
and  Bismarck,  and  other  remembrancers 
of  the  far-off  fatherland.  In  the  rear  of 
these  buildings  may  frequently  be  found 
the  future  senators  and  citizens  of  this 
glorious  republic  busily  engaged  in  ex- 
ercising their  lungs.  In  other  words, 
the  aforesaid  babies  squalling  with  all 
their  might. 

As  the  steamer  set  sail  again,  we  ob- 


DOWN  THE  LAKES. 


served  dark  clouds  in  the  southwest, 
which  soon  overspread  the  sky,  and  the 
rain  came  pouring  down,  hiding  both 
the  landscape  and  "waterscape"  from  our 
view,  and  making  us  feel  as  lonely  as 
though  we  were  a  thousand  miles  from 
home  and  fifty  miles  from  anywhere.  In 
the  afternoon  the  wind  rose,  the  clouds 
cleared  away,  and  as  the  wind  blew  in 
the  direction  we  were  sailing,  we  made 
rapid  progress.  About  five  o'clock  we 
reached  Charlevoix, a  town  of  northwest- 
ern Michigan.  This  romantic  (?)  town 
consists  of  one  store,  two  dwellings, 
three  saloons  and  several  thousand  cords 
of  wood  nestled  among  the  sand  hills. 
It  is  said  that  few,  if  any,  of  the  inhab- 
itants have  deeds  to  their  property,  and 
really  none  are  necessary.  In  fact  we 
could  not  perceive  what  possible  benefit 
a  deed  could  be  anyway.  The  sand  that 
laid  on  Jones'  lot  in  the  morning  would 
in  all  likelihood  be  drifted  around 
Smith's  cottage  before  night,  and  a  por- 
tion of  both  their  lots  would  be  quietly 
resting  on  Walker's  wood  pile  next  morn- 
ing. 

When  we  left  Charlevoix  and  came 
into  the  open  lake  we  found  the  wind 
had  veered  round  and  was  blowing  a 
gale  from  the  northwest.  The  waves, 
though  not  so  large  as  on  the  Atlantic, 
were  yet  of  a  respectable  size.  The 
bow  of  the  steamer  was  sixteen  feet 
high  from  the  water  line;  yet  when  she 
plunged  down  into  the  trough  of  the 
sea,  the  waves  broke  over  her.  The 
consequence  was  that  the  passengers 
unanimously  agreed  to  go  to  bed  "fast- 
ing on  an  empty  stomach,"  as  a  recent 
humorous  writer  expresses  himself. 

The  next  morning  found  us  approach- 
ing the  straits  and  old  fort  of  Mackinac; 
the  wind  was  still  blowing  hard  from  the 
northwest,  the  deck  of  the  steamer  was 
covered  with  ice,  and  the  wind  or  the 
spray  had  broken  every  pane  of  glass  in 
the  pilot  house.  As  soon  as  the  sailors 
had  sprinkled  the  deck  with  salt,  so  as 
to  render  it  less  slippery,  we  donned  our 
overcoats  and  ventured  out  on  deck  to 
view  the  strange  scenery  of  this  north- 
ern town.  When  we  recollected  that 
the  fort  had  been  built   more  than  two 


hundred  years,  that  it  was  the  home  of 
the  early  Jesuit  missionaries  who  came 
from  France  when  the  whole  northwest 
was  considered  a  part  of  her  dominion; 
that  the  walls  that  were  there   on   the 
rocky    promontory    two    hundred   feet 
above  us  had  been  standing  since  the 
days  of  the  Charleses  of   England  and 
the  Henrys  of  France;  that  over  these 
battlements  had  floated  successively  the 
flags  of  France,  England  and  the  United 
States;  that  here  had  been  many  a  bloody 
encounter  between  the  French  and  the 
Indians,  then  the  English  and  the  French 
and  lastly,  the  Americans  and  English, 
and  that  even  so  late  as  1815,  it  was  con- 
sidered an  important  point  as  command- 
ing the  commerce  of  Lake  Michigan,  it 
was  no  wonder  that  we  looked  upon  it 
with  interest.     The  general  appearance 
of  nature  also  is  at  once  striking  and 
peculiar.     The  deep  blue  of  the  waters 
of  the  straits,  the  emerald  green  of  the 
grass,   and   drooping  branches    of   the 
pines,  so   bent  by    the   heavy  loads  of 
winter  snow,  all  have  a  tendency  to  elicit 
admiration  or  surprise.      We  wandered 
around  the  quaint  old  town  for  a  few 
hours,  and  then  set  sail  for  Cheboygan, 
which  we  reached  in  the  afternoon,  and 
from  thence  to  Alpina,  which  we  reached 
next  morning.     This  town  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  Thunder  Bay,  and  is  one  of 
the  principal  towns  of  northern  Michigan. 
This  town,  as  well  as  Cheboygan  and 
Mackinac,  is  extensively  engaged  in  the 
catching  and  preparing  of  white  fish  for 
the  market.      More  than  one   hundred 
thousand  dollars  of  capital  are  invested 
in  nets  and  fishing  boats,  and  millions 
of  fish  are  exported  annually.      Though 
the  climate  of  this  region  is  very  cold, 
yet  fishing  is  carried  on  even  in  the  cold- 
est weather.  Thunder  Bay  usually  freezes 
over  in  November,  and  the  ice  is  gener- 
ally considered  safe  till  the  first  of  April. 
As  soon  as  the  ice  is  sufficiently  strong, 
portable  cabins  are  erected  on  the  bay 
at  the  distance  of  several  rods  apart. 
These  cabins  are  furnished  with  stoves, 
beds  and  other  necessary  furniture  for 
four  or  six  men  each,  and  are  usually 
carpeted   with   skins   and  furs.     In  the 
middle  of  the  cabin  a  hole  is  cut  in  the 


DOWN  THE  LAKES. 


19 


ice  and  then  as  the  fish  approach  the 
opening  for  air  and  light,  they  are  caught 
with  great  rapidity.  Several  years  ago, 
while  the  wind  was  blowing  off  shore,  a 
piece  of  ice,  with  several  cabins  on  it, 
drifted  out  into  the  lake.  Great  was  the 
consternation  of  the  towns-people  when 
they  saw  the  danger  to  which  their 
friends  were  exposed.  They  well  knew 
that  the  winds  and  waves  would  soon 
break  up  the  ice  into  small  cakes.  Ac- 
cordingly boats  and  men  were  sent,  and 
after  much  difficulty  succeeded  in  rescu- 
ing their  companions  from  their  watery 
home. 

Alpina  is  also  the  centre  of  a 
thriving  and  extensive  lumber  trade. 
The  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of 
lumber  is  of  the  most  improved  kind. 
Some  of  the  mills  cut  the  enormous 
quantity  of  one  hundred  thousand  feet 
of  boards  every  twenty-four  hours.  The 
sound  of  the  machinery,  when  these 
mills  are  in  motion,  is  simply  terrible. 
There  is  something  grand  in  seeing  a 
huge  log  of  pine,  sixteen  or  eighteen 
feet  in  length  and  four  or  five  feet  in 
diameter,  cut  up  into  two  hundred  and 
fifty  boards  of  exactly  uniform  dimen- 
sions, in  the  brief  space  of  two  minutes 
and  a  half.  As  we  were  walking  through 
the  mills  one  day  we  noticed,  written  on 
the  rough  wall,  a  piece  of  doggeral  which 
certainly  proves  that  the  species  of  be- 
ings called  poets  is  not  yet  extinct. 
Considering  the  dangers  attending  the 
management  of  these  powerful  machines 
occasioned,  no  doubt  in  part  by  the 
negligence  of  the  workmen,  there  is  con- 
siderable truth  in  the  following: 

ODE   TO   A   SAW-MILL. 
O,  thou  most  terrible  invention, 
That  cuts  up  trees  to  the  desired  dimension; 
And  if  something  distracts  a  man's  attention, 
'Twill  hash  him  up,  so  that  a  government  pen- 
sion 

Will  do  him  no  good. 
O,  thou  fierce  destroyer  of  men  and  wood  ! 

The  town  for  the  most  part  presents  a 
neat  and  somewhat  peculiar  appear- 
ance. The  houses  are  nearly  all  built  of 
pine,  and  painted  white,  with  green 
shutters.     The   streets   are   paved    with 


saw-dust,  which,  considering  the  damp 
climate,  makes  a  dry,  clean  and  noise- 
less pavement.  On  each  side  of  the 
streets  are  plank  sidewalks,  and  be- 
tween these  and  the  carriage  way  are 
beautiful  rows  of  elm  and  maple  trees, 
the  whole  making  a  real  pretty  picture. 

After  two  days'  stay  in  Alpina,  we 
again  set  sail,  and  the  next  morning 
found  us  at  the  head  of  St.  Clair  river, 
which  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Huron.  The 
current  of  the  river  is  about  seven  miles 
per  hour;  so,  with  that  to  aid  us,  we 
swiftly  glided  down  the  stream.  Just  at 
the  outlet  of  the  lake  are  situated  the 
thriving  towns  of  Port  Huron  and  Port 
Sarnia;  the  former  on  the  American 
side,  and  the  latter  on  the  Canadian  side 
of  the  river.  Port  Huron  is  said  to  be 
the  site  of  one  of  Edison's  first  exploits. 
At  that  time  no  one  dreamed  that  the 
boy  who  sold  books  and  papers  on  the 
cars  was  to  become  one  of  the  most 
famous  men  of  the  age.  It  was  winter, 
the  cold  was  so  intense  that  they  were 
unable  to  keep  the  ferryboats  running 
on  account  of  ice,  the  telegraph  cable 
which  connects  the  two  towns  was  bro- 
ken, and  there  seemed  to  be  no  possible 
means  of  communication.  A  locomo- 
motive  was  standing  on  the  American 
shore,  and  another  on  the  Canadian 
shore,  half  a  mile  distant.  Important 
business  demanded  that  a  message 
should  be  sent  to  Sarma.  How  could  it 
be  done?  A  brilliant  idea  struck  the 
mind  of  young  Edison.  Why  not  spell 
out  the  words  by  the  whistle  of  the  lo- 
comotive in  the  same  manner  as  they 
are  spelled  by  the  clicks  of  the  tele- 
graph ?  So,  stepping  into  the  cab  of  the 
locomotive,  he  seized  the  rope  and  gave 
a  series  of  short  sounds,  "H-e-1-l-o 
S-a-r-n-i-a  !  Again  the  sounds  were  re- 
peated, and  still  again,  until  the  people 
on  the  Canadian  shore  took  the  hint,  and 
answered  in  a  similar  manner,  and  thus 
communication  was  established. 

Sailing  down  the  river,  we  soon 
reached  Walpole  and  Harsen  islands, 
just  below  them  the  St.  Clair  "fiats,"  as 
they  are  called.  Of  late  years,  these 
"fiats"  have  figured  in  international  pol- 
itics to  a  considerable  extent.      The   S  . 


20 


GRANITE  ROCK. 


Clair  river  is  divided  by  the  islands  into 
three  principal  branches;  one  of  which 
is  known  as  the  "American  channel," 
another  by  the  name  of  the  "Canadian 
channel,"  while  the  middle  channel  is 
the  boundary  line  between  Canada  and 
the  United  States.  This  channel  is  very 
crooked,  being  much  in  the  shape  of  an 
"S."  These  channels  at  their  outlets 
into  lake  St.  Clair  are  quite  shallow,  so 
that  it  was  impossible  for  large  or  heavy 
laden  ships  to  pass  through.  Some 
years  ago  the  United  States  government 
appropriated  two  million  dollars  for  the 
deepening  and  improvement  of  the  mid- 
dle channel.  The  channel  was  also 
straightened,  and  in  doing  this  it  was 
made  for  some  distance  through  Cana- 
dian territory.  While  the  workmen 
were  still  employed  in  the  dredging,  a 
lumber  dealer  brought  from  Canada  a 
quantity  of  lumber  and  placed  it  on  the 
west  side  of  the  new  channel.  The  lum- 
ber   was     immediately    seized    by    the 


American  revenue  officers,  on  account 
of  the  duty  not  being  paid;  action  was 
brought  in  the  courts  of  Detroit,  the  ar- 
chives at  Washington  were  searched, 
and  it  was  decided  that  "the  lumber  was 
still  in  Canada."  Negotiations  were 
then  opened  with  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment. The  Americans  now  have  the  right 
to  move  the  canal,  meanwhile  Canadian 
ships  pass  free  of  duty.  Numerous  car- 
icatures were  to  be  seen  representing 
the  typical  Uncle  Sam,  with  a  spade  in 
his  hand  and  the  great  tears  rolling 
down  his  cheeks,  while  he  exclaimed: 
"There,  I've  gone  and  dug  that  canal 
right  through  Canada  and  never  knew 
it." 

The  trip  across  lake  St.  Clair  was  de- 
lightful. It  occupied  about  two  hours; 
distance,  twenty-eight  miles.  The 
shores  were  dotted  with  villas,  and 
farms,  and  orchards,  while  in  the  back- 
ground rose  the  dark  forms  of  the  an- 
cient forest  trees.  J.  H.   Ward. 


GRANITE    ROCK. 


Rocks,  like  animals  and  plants,  main- 
tain an  existence  for  certain  periods  of 
time,  and  then  waste  away  to  be  suc- 
ceeded by  others. 

All  rocks  are  divided  into  three  great 
classes,  to  correspond  with  the  three 
ways  in  which  they  are  formed.  The 
names  of  these  classes  are  igneous, 
stratified  and  metamorphic;  all  being 
appropriate  and  significant  terms,  con- 
veying to  persons  understanding  their 
meaning,  an  idea,  at  once,  of  the  char- 
acter of  the  different  classes  of  rocks. 

According  to  the  predominating  the- 
ory of  the  present,  the  entire  earth  was, 
at  one  time  (long  before  it  became  suit- 
able for  the  abode  of  either  animals  or 
plants),  in  a  melted  or  molten  state,  and 
the  water,  now  on  its  surface,  was  in  a 
vaporous  form,  existing  at  a  consider- 
able distance  from  its  highly  heated  sur- 
face. Gradually  this  fiery  surface  cooled 
down  sufficiently  to  solidify  and  envelop 
the    molten   mass    with  a    hard    crust. 


This  crust  was,  from  time  to  time,  fis- 
sured and  broken  up  by  the  accumu- 
lated pent  up  vapors,  and  deluged  here 
and  there  with  the  fused  material 
beneath.  The  condition  to  which  the 
crust  was  then  subjected  is  frequently, 
in  certain  localities,  manifested  even 
now  by  earthquakes  and  volcanic  erup- 
tions. This  crust  was  at  first  too  hot  to 
retain  water,  but  after  a  while  it  cooled 
down,  and  the  watery  vapor  condensed 
on  its  surface. 

Through  the  great  changes  the  crust 
now  underwent,  mountains,  continents, 
and  oceans  were  created.  The  moun- 
tains and  continents  were  the  elevated 
portions  of  the  crust,  while  the  lower 
portions,  covered  with  water,  constituted 
the  oceans.  All  through  the  forma- 
tion and  cooling  down  of  the  crust, 
igneous  rocks  were  being  formed,  but 
the  stratified  and  metamorphic  rocks  did 
not  begin  to  be  developed  until  the 
earth's  crust  was  covered  with  water,  its 


GRANITE  ROCK. 


21 


being  as  essential  to  their  formation  as 
the  earth's  crust  itself. 

Immediately  after  the  water  had  been 
precipitated  to  the  earth,  stratified  rock 
commenced  to  come  into  existence,  and 
afterwards  matamorphic.  By  the  action 
of  water,  frost  and  winds,  the  crust  of 
the  earth,  or  in  other  words,  the  igneous 
rock  was  disintegrated,  reduced  to  small 
particles,  carried  down  from  elevated 
portions  of  the  earth,  and  deposited  at 
the  beds  of  streams,  ponds,  lakes  and 
oceans.  In  this  manner  was  built  up 
layer  after  layer  of  sediment  which,  in 
time,  became  hard  and  solid,  and  is 
known  as  the  stratified  rocks.  Where 
these  rocks  were  subjected  to  consider- 
able heat,  pressure,  and  a  little  water, 
they  were  changed  and  converted  into 
metamorphic  rocks.  Experiments  re- 
cently made  by  Daubree,  Senarmont  and 
Cothers,  go  to  confirm  the  idea  that 
granite  belongs  to  the  metamorphic 
division,  although  the  zig-zag  directions 
in  which  it  is  found  passing  through  the 
earth's  crust,  indicate  an  igneous  origin. 
But  the  metamorphic  rocks,  through 
a  semi-fused  condition,  may  be  forced 
into  zig-zag  crevices,  fissures,  and  even 
between  the  layers  of  stratified  rock, 
therefore  this  position  of  granite  is  no 
proof  that  it  is  simply  the  originally 
melted  material  of  the  earth  solidified. 

Granite  is  a  mottled  appearing  rock 
made  up  generally  of  the  three  distinct 
minerals,  quartz,  feldspar  and  mica.  The 
feldspar  and  mica  are  distributed 
throughout  the  mass  as  crystal,  while 
the  quartz,  although  clear  and  glassy, 
has  no  definite  shape.  Daubree  and 
others  in  their  experiments  with  a  view 
to  the  determination  of  the  origin  of 
granite,  found  that  when  the  minerals 
of  granite  were  fused  together  and 
allowed  to  cool,  the  particles  of  each 
would  not  aggregate  together  and  form 
distinct  crystals,  but  would  solidify  into 
silicious  glass;  while  if  they  were  partly 
fused  in  the  presence  of  water,  they 
would,  on  solidifying,  separate  and  take 
up  distinct  positions  in  the  mass.  The 
quartz  and  feldspar  of  granite  contain 
small  microscopic  cavities  partly  filled 
with  water,  which  is  a  strong  proof  that 


granite  was  formed  in  the  presence  of 
water,  and  is  not  the  result  of  solidifica- 
tion of  completely  fused  material.  By 
analysis  of  the  Salt  Lake  City  Temple 
granite,  made  in  the  spring  of  1882,  it 
was  found  to  consist  of  the  following 
substances: 

Parts  in  100. 

Silica, 68.60 

Alumina, 15.74 

Peroxide  of  iron,     ....      4.01 

Lime-  3-15 

Soda, 5.98 

Potassa, 2.52 

Magnesia, 51 

Manganousoxide,       .        .         .  .12 


Total 


100.63 


The  specific  gravity  was  ascertained 
at  the  same  time  to  be  2.661,  or  in  other 
words,  it  was  found  to  weigh  that  many 
times  as  much  as  an  equal  bulk  of  water. 
The  Temple  granite  is  generally  a  coarse 
grained  greyish  colored  rock.  It  con- 
sists mostly  of  quartz,  feldspar,  mica, 
and  hornblende  with  occasional  crystals 
of  titanite;  all  these  minerals,  except 
quartz,  are  in  the  form  of  crystals  inter- 
vening one  another  and  the  small  crys- 
talline masses  of  quartz.  The  water 
inclusions  so  abundantly  found  in  the 
feldspar  and  quartz  of  most  granite, 
are  but  meagerly  scattered  through  the 
minerals  of  the  Cottonwood  Canyon  or 
Temple  granite. 

Granite  is  employed  very  extensively 
for  building  purposes,  being  considered  a 
very  durable  rock,  capable  of  resisting 
for  a  long  time  the  wear  and  tear  occa- 
sioned by  rain,  frost,  wind,  and  other 
destructive  elements.  It  is  true  that 
granite  is  made  up  of  minerals  firmly 
consolidated,  by  which  it  is  rendered 
usually  very  durable,  yet  as  the  feldspar 
and  mica  contain  some  potassa  and 
soda — substances  which  are  soluble  in 
water,  it  is  bound  to  succumb  sooner  or 
later  to  the  fury  of  atmospheric  agencies. 
When  these  two  substances  are  dissolved 
out  of  granite,  it  is  left  honey-combed, 
and  easily  crumbles  to  the  ground. 
Even  before  the  potassa  and  soda  are 
dissolved,  in  extremely  cold  climates 
granite  begins  to  decay  through  water 


22 


SERMONS  AND    WRITINGS  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 


penetrating  into  the  soluble  parts, 
and  there  freezing  and  cracking  it  in 
every  direction,  and  thus  destroying  the 
coherent  force  by  which  the  particles 
are  held  together.  By  the  crumbling  or 
disintegration  of  granite,  white  clay  and 
red  clay  soils  are  formed,  containing 
grains  of  sand  and  scales  of  mica, 
together  with  a  little  water  holding  in 
solution  potassa  and  soda  salts. 

Granite  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the 
world,  most  of  the  large  mountain 
chains  have  granite  axes  appearing  along 
their  crests,  and  extending  far  down  into 
the  earth.   The  Wasatch  range  of  moun- 


tains in  the  Cottonwood  Canyons,  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  miles  south  of  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  still  south  of  these  can- 
yons is  largely  composed  of  granite. 
Granite  is  supposed  by  some,  as  already 
stated,  to  be  the  primary  or  first  rocks 
formed  on  the  earth,  and  if  such  be  the 
case,  they  must  surround  the  entire 
earth,  although  exposed  to  view  only  in 
certain  localities.  But  if  this  idea  be 
incorrect,  and  they  belong  to  the 
metamorphic  class,  although  they  are 
in  a  great  many  places,  they  cannot 
very  well  completely  envelop  the  globe. 
Jos.  T.  Kingsbury. 


SERMONS   AND    WRITINGS    OF   THE    PROPHETS. 


LIFE   AND    DEATH."" 

Life  and  death  are  set  before  us,  and 
we  are  at  liberty  to  choose  which  we 
will.  I  have  frequently  reflected  upon 
these  two  principles,  but  were  I  to  ex- 
plain in  full  my  own  views  upon  them 
they  might  perhaps  come  too  much  in 
contact  with  the  feelings  and  views  of 
many  people.  To  me,  these  principles 
are  like  the  vision  of  open  day  upon 
this  beautiful  earth.  Life  and  death  are 
easily  understood  in  the  light  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,  but,  like  everything  else, 
they  are  hard  to  be  understood  in  its 
absence.  To  choose  life  is  to  choose  an 
eternal  existence  in  an  organized  capac- 
ity; to  refuse  life  and  choose  death  is  to 
refuse  an  eternal  existence  in  an  organ- 
ized capacity,  and  be  contented  to  be- 
come decomposed,  and  return  again  to 
native  element. 

Life  is  an  accumulation  of  every  prop- 
erty and  principle  that  is  calculated  to 
enrich,  to  ennoble,  to  enlarge,  and  to 
increase,  in  every  particular,  the  domin- 
ion of  individual  man.  To  me,  life 
would  signify  an  extension.  I  have  the 
privilege  of  spreading  abroad,  of  en- 
larging my  borders,  of  increasing  in 
endless  knowledge,  wisdom,  and  power, 
and  in  every  gift  of  God. 

To  live  as  I  am,  without  progress,  is 
not  life,  in  fact  we  may  say  that  is  im- 
possible.    There  is  no  such  principle  in 

*By  Pres.  B.  Young,  Tabernacle,  July  10, 1853. 


existence,  neither  can  there  be.  All 
organized  existence  is  in  progress,  either 
to  an  endless  advancement  in  eternal 
perfections,  or  back  to  dissolution.  You 
may  explore  all  the  eternities  that  ever 
have  been,  were  it  possible,  then  come 
to  that  which  we  now  understand  ac- 
cording to  the  principles  of  natural  phi- 
losophy, and  where  is  there  an  element, 
an  individual  living  thing,  an  organized 
body,  of  whatever  nature,  that  continues 
as  it  is?  It  can  not  be  found.  All 
things  that  have  come  within  the  bounds 
of  man's  limited  knowledge — the  things 
he  naturally  understands — teach  him 
that  there  is  no  period,  in  all  the  eterni- 
ties, wherein  organized  existence  will 
become  stationary,  that  it  cannot  ad- 
vance in  knowledge,  wisdom,  power  and 
glory. 

If  a  man  could  ever  arrive  at  the  point 
that  would  put  an  end  to  the  accumula- 
tion of  life,  the  point  at  which  he  could 
increase  no  more,  and  advance  no  fur- 
ther, we  should  naturally  say  he  com- 
menced to  decrease  at  the  same  point. 
Again,  when  he  has  gained  the  zenith  of 
knowledge,  wisdom,  and  power,  it  is  the 
point  at  which  he  begins  to  retrograde; 
his  natural  abilities  will  begin  to  con- 
tract, and  so  he  will  continue  to  de- 
crease, until  all  he  knew  is  lost  in  the 
chaos  of  forgetfulness.  As  we  under- 
stand  naturally,  this   is   the   conclusion 


SERMONS  AND    WRITINGS  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 


23 


we  must  come  to,  if  a  termination  to  the 
increase  of  life  and  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge  is  true. 

Because  of  the  weakness  of  human 
nature,  it  must  crumble  to  the  dust. 
But  in  all  the  revolutions  and  changes  in 
the  existence  of  men,  in  the  eternal 
world  which  they  inhabit,  and  in  the 
knowledge  they  have  obtained  as  people 
on  the  earth,  there  is  no  such  thing  as 
principle,  power,  wisdom,  knowledge, 
life,  position,  or  anything  that  can  be 
imagined,  that  remains  stationary — they 
must  increase  or  decrease. 

To  me,  life  is  increase;  death  is  the 
opposite.  When  our  fellow-creatures  die, 
is  it  the  death  we  talk  about?  The 
ideas  we  have  of  it  are  conceived  in  the 
mind,  according  to  a  false  tradition. 
Death  does  not  mean  what  we  naturally 
think  it  means.  Apparently  it  destroys, 
puts  out  of  existence,  and  leaves  empty 
space,  but  there  is  no  such  death  as  this. 
Death,  in  reality,  is  to  decompose  or  de- 
crease, and  life  is  to  increase. 

Much  is  written  in  the  Bible,  and  in 
the  other  revelations  of  God,  and  much 
is  said  by  the  people,  publicly  and  pri- 
vately, upon  this  subject.  Life  and  death 
are  in  the  world,  and  all  are  acquainted 
with  them  more  or  less.  We  live,  we 
die,  we  are,  we  are  not,  are  mixed  up  in 
the  conversation  of  every  person,  to  a 
lesser  or  greater  degree.  Why  is  it  so? 
Because  all  creation  is  in  progress;  com- 
ing into  existence  and  going  out  of  ex- 
istence, as  we  use  the  terms;  but  another 
form  of  language  fits  this  phenomenon 
of  nature  much  better  viz:  forming, 
growing,  increasing,  then  begins  the  op- 
posite operation — decreasing,  decompo- 
sition, returning  back  to  native  ele- 
ments, etc.  These  revolutions  we  meas- 
urably understand. 

But  to  simply  take  the  path  pointed 
out  in  the  Gospel,  by  those  who  have 
given  us  the  plan  of  salvation,  is  to  take 
the  path  that  leads  to  life,  to  eternal  in- 
crease; it  is  to  pursue  that  course 
wherein  we  shall  never,  never  lose 
what  we  obtain,  but  continue  to  collect, 
to  gather  together,  to  increase,  to  spread 
abroad,  and  extend  to  an  endless  dura- 
tion.   Those  persons  who  strive  to  gain 


eternal  life,  gain  that  which  will  pro- 
duce the  increase  their  hearts  will  be 
satisfied  with.  Nothing  less  than  the 
privilege  of  increasing  eternally,  in  ev- 
ery sense  of  the  word,  can  satisfy  the 
immortal  spirit.  If  the  endless  stream 
of  knowledge  from  the  eternal  fountain 
could  all  be  drunk  in  by  organized  in- 
telligences, so  sure  immortality  would 
come  to  an  end,  and  all  eternity  be 
thrown  upon  the  retrograde  path. 

If  mankind  will  choose  the  opposite 
to  life  held  out  in  the  Gospel,  it  will  lead 
them  to  dissolution,  to  decomposition, 
to  death;  they  will  be  destroyed,  but  not 
as  it  is  commonly  understood.  For  in- 
stance, we  would  have  destroyed  more 
of  the  material  called  flour,  had  we  pos- 
sessed it  this  spring  in  greater  abun- 
dance. We  should  have  destroyed  more 
of  the  wood  that  grows  on  the  moun- 
tains, could  we  have  got  it  with  more 
ease,  which  seems  to  us  to  be  utterly 
destroyed  when  it  is  consumed  with  fire. 
But  such  is  not  the  case;  it  will  exist  in 
native  element.  That  which  is  con- 
sumed by  eating,  or  by  burning,  is 
nothing  more  than  simply  reduced  to 
another  shape,  in  which  it  -is  ready  for 
another  process  of  action.  We  grow, 
and  we  behold  all  the  visible  creation 
growing  and  increasing,  and  continuing 
to  increase,  until  it  has  arrived  at  its 
zenith,  at  which  point  it  begins  to  de- 
compose. This  is  the  nature  of  all 
things  which  constitute  this  organized 
world.  Even  the  solid  rocks  in  the 
mountains  continue  to  grow  until  they 
have  come  to  their  perfection,  at  which' 
point  they  begin  to  decompose.  The 
forests  grow,  increase,  extend,  and 
spread  abroad  their  branches  until  they 
attain  a  certain  age.  What  then?  Do 
they  die?  Are  they  annihilated  ?  No  ! 
They  begin  to  decompose,  and  pass  into 
native  element.  Men,  and  all  things 
upon  the  earth,  are  subject  to  the  same 
process.  We  say  this  is  natural,  and  easy 
to  comprehend,  being  plainly  manifested 
before  our  eyes.  It  is  easy  to  see  any- 
thing in  sight;  but  hard,  very  hard,  to 
see  anything  out  of  sight. 

If  I   look  through   my  telescope,  and 
my  friends  inquire  how  far  I   can  see,  I 


24 


SERMONS  AND    WRITINGS  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 


tell  them  I  can  see  anything  in  sight,  no 
matter  how  far  from  me  the  object  may 
be;  but  I  cannot  see  anything  out  of  sight, 
or  that  which  is  beyond  the  power  of  the 
instrument.  So  it  is  in  the  intellectual 
faculties  of  mankind;  it  is  easy  for  them 
to  see  that  which  is  before  their  eyes, 
but  when  the  object  is  out  of  sight,  it  is 
a  difficult  matter  for  them  to  see  it;  and 
they  are  at  a  loss  how  to  form  an  esti- 
mate of  it,  or  what  position  to  put  them- 
selves in,  so  as  to  see  the  object  they 
desire  to  see. 

In  regard  to  eternal  things,  they  are 
all  out  of  sight  to  them,  and  will  so  re- 
main, unless  the  Lord  lifts  the  curtain. 
The  only  reason  why  I  cannot  see  the 
heavy  range  of  mountains  situated 
in  the  Middle  States  of  the  American 
Confederacy,  is  because  of  the  natural 
elevations  that  raise  themselves  betwixt 
me  and  them,  above  the  level  of  my 
eye,  making  them  out  of  sight  to  me. 
Why  cannot  we  behold  all  things  in 
space?  Because  there  is  a  curtain 
dropped,  which  makes  them  out  of  sight 
to  us.  Why  cannot  we  behold  the  in- 
habitants in  Kolob  or  the  inhabitants 
in  any  of  those  distant  planets?  For 
the  same  reason;  because  there  is  a 
curtain  dropped  that  interrupts  our 
vision.  So  it  is,  something  intervenes 
between  us  and  them,  which  we  cannot 
penetrate.  We  are  short  sighted,  and 
deprived  of  the  knowledge  which  we 
might  have.  I  might  say  this  is  right, 
without  offering  any  explanation. 

But  there  are  many  reasons,  and  much 
good  sound  logic  that  could  be  pro- 
.  duced,  showing  why  we  are  thus  in  the 
dark  touching  eternal  things.  If  our 
agency  was  not  given  to  us,  we  might, 
perhaps,  now  have  been  enjoying  that 
which  we  do  not  enjoy;  on  the  other 
hand  if  our  agency  had  not  been  given 
to  us,  we  could  never  have  enjoyed  that 
which  we  now  enjoy.  Which  would  pro- 
duce the  greatest  good  to  man,  to  give 
him  his  agency,  and  draw  a  vail  over 
him,  or,  to  give  him  certain  blessings 
and  privileges,  let  him  live  in  a  certain 
degree  of  light,  and  enjoy  a  certain 
glory,  and  take  his  agency  from  him, 
compelling  him  to  remain  in  that  posi- 


tion, without  any  possible  chance  of 
progress?  I  say,  the  greatest  good  that 
could  be  produced  by  the  all  wise  Con- 
ductor of  the  universe  to  His  creature, 
man,  was  to  do  just  as  He  has  done — 
bring  him  forth  on  the  face  of  the  earth, 
drawing  a  vail  before  his  eyes.  He  has 
caused  us  to  forget  everything  we  once 
knew  before  our  spirits  entered  within 
this  vail  of  flesh.  For  instance,  it  is  like 
this:  when  we  lie  down  to  sleep,  our 
minds  are  often  as  bright  and  active  as 
the  mind  of  an  angel,  at  least  they  are 
as  active  as  when  our  bodies  are  awake. 
They  will  range  over  the  earth,  visit 
distant  friends,  and,  for  aught  we  know, 
the  planets,  and  accomplish  great  feats; 
do  that  which  will  enhance  our  happi- 
ness, increase  to  us  every  enjoyment  of 
life,  and  prepare  us  for  celestial  glory; 
but  when  we  wake  in  the  morning,  it  is 
all  gone  from  us;  we  have  forgotten  it. 
This  illustration  will  explain  in  part  the 
nature  of  the  vail  which  is  over  the  in- 
habitants of  the  earth;  they  have  forgot- 
ten that  which  they  once  knew.  This  is 
right;  were  it  different,  where  would 
be  the  trial  of  our  faith?  In  a  word,  be 
it  so;  it  is  as  it  should  be. 

Now  understand,  to  choose  life  is  to 
choose  principles  that  will  lead  you  to 
an  eternal  increase,  and  nothing  short  of 
them  will  produce  life  in  the  resurrec- 
tion for  the  faithful.  Those  that  choose 
death,  make  choice  of  the  path  which 
leads  to  the  end  of  their  organization. 
The  one  leads  to  endless  increase  and 
progression,  the  other  to  the  destruction 
of  the  organized  being,  ending  in  its 
entire  decomposition  into  the  particles 
that  compose  the  native  elements.  Is 
this  so  in  all  cases  you  inquire.  Yes, 
for  aught  I  know.  I  shall  not  pretend 
to  deny  but  what  it  is  so  in  all  cases. 
This  much  I  wanted  to  say  to  the  breth- 
ren, with  regard  to  life  and  death. 

As  to  the  word  annihilate ',  as  we  un- 
derstand it,  there  is  no  such  principle  as 
to  put  a  thing  which  exists,  entirely  out 
of  existence,  so  that  it  does  not  exist  in 
any  form,  shape,  or  place  whatever.  It 
would  be  as  reasonable  to  say  that 
endless,  which  is  synonymous  to  the 
word  eternity,  has  both  a  beginning  and 


SERMONS  AND    WRITINGS  OF  THE  PROPHETS. 


25 


an  end.  For  instance,  supposing  we  get 
one  of  the  best  mathematicians  that  can 
be  found,  and  let  him  commence  at  one 
point  of»time,  the  operation  of  multipli- 
cation; when  he  has  exhausted-  all  his 
knowledge  of  counting  in  millions,  etc., 
until  he  can  proceed  no  further,  he  is  no 
nigher  the  outside  of  eternity  than  when 
he  commenced.  This  has  been  under- 
stood from  the  beginning.  The  ancients 
understood  it;  it  was  taught  by  Jesus 
and  His  Apostles,  who  understood  the 
true  principles  of  eternity.  In  conse- 
quence of  some  expressions  of  the 
ancient  servants  of  God,  has  come  the 
tradition  of  the  Elders  of  the  Church  of 
Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints.  You 
hear  some  of  them  preach  and  teach 
that  which  I-  never  taught;  you  hear 
them  preach  people  into  hell.  Such  a 
doctrine  never  entered  into  my  heart; 
but  you  hear  others  preach,  that  people 
will  go  there  to  dwell  throughout  the 
endless  ages  of  eternity.  Such  persons 
know  no  more  about  eternity,  and  are 
no  more  capable  of  instructing  others 
upon  the  subject,  than  a  little  child. 
They  tell  about  going  to  hell,  where  the 
worm  dieth  not,  and  the  fire  is  not 
quenched,  where  you  must  dwell.  How 
long?  Why,  I  should  say,  just  as  long 
as  you  please. 

One  thing  more.  The  beauty  of  our 
religion,  that  very  erroneous  doctrine, 
which  the  world  call  "Mormonism,"  we 
had  set  before  us  this  morning  by  Elder 
Parley  P.  Pratt.  The  whole  object  of 
my  existence  is,  to  continue  to  live,  to 
increase,  to  spread  abroad,  and  gather 
around  me  to  an  endless  duration. 
What  shall  I  say?  You  may  unite  the 
efforts  of  the  best  mathematicians  the 
world  can  produce,  and  when  they  have 
counted  as  many  millions  of  ages, 
worlds,  and  eternities,  as  the  power  of 
numbers  within  their  knowledge  will 
embrace,  they  are  still  as  ignorant  of 
eternity  as  when  they  began.  Then  ask 
people  of  general  intelligence ;  people 
who  understand,  in  a  great  degree,  the 
philosophical  principles  of  creation, 
which  they  have  studied  and  learned  by 
a  practical  course  of  education,  and 
what  do  they  know  about  it?     It  is  true, 


they  know  a  little,  and  that  little  every 
other  sane  person  knows,  whether  he  is 
educated  or  uneducated;  they  know 
about  that  portion  of  eternity  called 
time.  Suppose  I  ask  the  learned  when 
was  the  beginning  of  eternity?  Can 
they  think  of  it?  No!  And  I  should 
very  m*ich  doubt  some  of  the  sayings  of 
one  of  the  best  philosophers  and  writers 
of  the  age,  that  we  call  brother,  with 
regard  to  the  character  of  the  Lord  God 
whom  we  serve.  I  very  much  doubt 
whether  it  has  ever  entered  into  his 
heart  to  comprehend  eternity.  These 
are  principles  and  ideas  I  scarcely  ever 
meddle  with.  The  practical  part  of  our 
religion  is  that  which  more  particularly 
interests  me.  Still  my  mind  reflects 
upon  life,  death,  eternity,  knowledge, 
wisdom,  the  expansion  of  thesoul,  and 
the  knowledge  of  the  Gods  that  are, 
that  have  been,  and  that  are  to  be 
What  shall  we  say?  We  are  lost  in  the 
depth  of  our  own  thoughts.  Suppose 
we  say  there  was  once  a  beginning  to 
all  things,  then  we  must  conclude  there 
will  undoubtedly  be  an  end.  Can 
eternity  be  circumscribed?  If  it  can, 
there  is  an  end  of  all  wisdom,  knowl- 
edge, power,  and  glory — all  will  sink 
into  eternal  annihilation. 

What  is  life  to  you  and  me?  It  is  the 
utmost  extent  of  our  desires.  Do  you 
wish  to  increase,  to  continue?  Do  you 
wish  to  possess  kingdoms  and  thrones, 
principalities  and  powers;  to  exist,  and 
continue  to  exist;  to  grow  in  under- 
standing, in  wisdom,  in  knowledge,  in 
power,  and  in  glory  throughout  an  end- 
less duration  ?  Why,  yes,  is  the  reply 
natural  to  every  heart  that  has  been 
warmed  with  the  life-giving  influences  of 
the  Holy  Ghost.  And  when  we  have 
lived,  and  gathered  around  us  more  king- 
doms and  creations  than  it  is  possible 
for  the  mind  of  mortals  to  comprehend 
(just  think  of  it,  and  how  it  commenced 
like  a  grain  of  mustard  seed,  cast  into 
the  ground  !)  then,  I  may  say  we  could 
comprehend  the  very  dawning  of  eter- 
nity, which  term  I  use  to  accommodate 
the  idea  in  my  mind,  not  that  it  will  at 
all  apply  to  eternity.  When  you  have 
reached  this  stage  in  the  onward  course 


26 


JIM. 


of  your  progression,  you  will  be  per- 
fectly satisfied  not  to  be  in  a  hurry. 

The  inquiry  should  not  be,  if  the 
principles  of  the  Gospel  will  put  us  in 
possession  of  the  earth,  of  this  farm, 
that  piece  of  property,  of  a  few  thou- 
sand pounds,  or  as  many  thousand  dol- 
lars, but,  if  they  will  put  us  in  posses- 
sion of  principles  that  are  endless,  and 
calculated  in  their  nature  for  an  eternal 
increase;  that  is,  to  add  life  to  life,  being 
to  being,  kingdom  to  kingdom,  principle 
to  principle,  power  to  power,  thrones  to 
thrones,  dominions  to  dominions,  and 
crowns  to  crowns. 

When  we  have  lived  long  enough  by 
following  out  the  principles  that  are  dur- 


able, that  are  tangible,  that  are  calculated 
in  their  nature  to  produce  endless  life — I 
say,  when  we  have  lived  long  enough  in 
them  to  see  the  least  Saint,  that  can  be 
possibly  called  a  Saint,  in  possession  of 
more  solar  systems  like  this  than  it  is 
possible  for  mortals  to  number,  or  than 
there  are  stars  in  the  firmament  of 
heaven  visible,  or  sands  on  the  sea 
shore,  we  shall  then  have  a  faint  idea  ol 
eternity,  and  begin  to  realize  that  we 
are  in  the  midst  of  it. 

Brethren,  you  that  have  the  principles 
of  life  in  you,  be  sure  you  are  gathering 
around  you  kindred  principles,  that  will 
endure  to  all  eternity.  I  do  not  desire 
to  talk  any  more  at  this  time. 


JIM. 


In  a  smoky  wickeup  then  pitched  near 
Reno,  Nevada,  about  twenty-five  years 
ago,  the  heart  of  a  Shoshone  squaw  was 
made  glad  by  the  birth  of  her  first  and 
only  little  boy  papoose.  He  was  a  round 
headed,  plump,  lively  baby  with  coal- 
black  eyes  and  delicate,  bronzed,  olive 
complexion  which  at  once  gave  him  the 
reputationfor  beauty  and  strength  that 
filled  the  proud  heart  of  his  mother  with 
satisfaction,  and  created  envy  in.  the 
breasts  of  the  less  fortunate  squaws  of 
the  camp,  who  had  no  papooses  at  all  or 
only  girl  babies,  which  were  not  con- 
sidered of  much  account. 

This  favored  little  Lamanite  was  stuffed 
into  his  nest  on  a  baby-board  and  laced 
up  with  buckskin  strings  as  tight  as  he 
could  stand  it  and  breathe.  There  he 
lived  and  grew  fat  and  strong  for  many 
months,  but  his  loving  mother  in  trying 
to  make  him  comfortable,  allowed  his 
little  legs  more  room  to  bend  and  twist 
on  the  baby-board  than  they  should 
have  had,  and  thus  they  grew  crooked 
and  have  ever  remained  so,  for  to  this 
day  Jim,  though  now  a  man,  is  bow- 
legged  and  a  little  pigeon-toed. 

Jim's  father  died  about  the  time  he 
was  born,  and  he  had  not  been  carried 
about  over  the  hills  and  plains  of  Neva- 
da but  a  few  vears  when  his  mother  also 


died,  leaving  him  an  orphan.  His  uncle 
— I  think  it  was  his  mother's  brother — 
took  care  of  him  then,  and  trained  him 
in  the  habits  of  a  hunter.  With  his  little 
bow  and  arrows  he  learned  to  shoot 
jack-rabbits  and  cotton-tails  and  to  steal 
up  on  wild  fowl  and  prairie  chickens 
close  enough  to  get  one  or  two  before 
they  flew  away.  His  eyes  became  clear 
and  strong  sighted,  enabling  him  to  see 
objects  at  a  great  distance  and  quick  to 
discern  the  movement  of  an  animal  or 
bird  at  any  point  within  his  horizon.  But 
though  he  learned  to  look  far  and  see 
clearly,  he  could  not  always  tell  a  crane 
from  an  antelope,  for  even  since  we  be- 
came acquainted  with  him,  Jim  has  been 
known  to  mistake  large  white-breasted 
sandhill  cranes  for  those  lively,  beauti- 
ful gazelles  of  the  plains.  We,  however, 
do  not  consider  him  much  to  blame  for 
that,  as  it  was  hard  for  anybody  to  tell 
the  difference,  under  the  circumstances; 
even  white  men  who  could  generally  tell 
buffaloes  from  buzzards  at  a  convenient 
distance,  were  deceived,  and  some  of 
tht-m  were  so  sure  that  what  they  saw 
were  deer,  that  they  waded  rivers  and 
crawled  through  a  forest  of  timber  in 
pursuit  of  them,  only  to  see  them  fly 
away.  Jim  was  not  so  certain  as  that, 
and  if  it  had  not  been  that  he  mistook 


JIM. 


27 


two  white  covered  carriages  and  a  black 
one  for  a  pair  of  grey  horses  and  a  bay, 
his  reputation  for  splendid  eyesight 
would  not  have  been  impaired.  As  it  is 
he  is  a  good  hunter,  and  can  see  a  deer  or 
bear  or  buffalo  quicker  and  at  a  greater 
distance  than  almost  any  white  man  who 
has  not  spent  his  life  as  a  mountaineer. 
When  Jim  was  about  ten  years  old,  he 
was  adopted  by  a  white  man  named 
Brown,  living  in  Weber  County,  Utah. 
This  gentleman  treated  the  little  Indian 
boy  with  great  kindness,  and  his  family 
became  quite  attached  to  him.  He 
learned  many  of  the  ways  and  consider- 
able of  the  language  of  the  white  men 
while  he  lived  with  Mr.  Brown,  and  he 
improved  very  much  in  his  personal  ap- 
pearance, getting  his  hair  cut  and  his 
body  clothed  with  suitable  apparel.  Jim 
contented  himself  as  well  as  he  could, 
herding,  doing  chores,  going  to  the 
canyons  and  taking  part  generally  in  the 
light  work,  that  felHo  the  boys  about  the 
farm,  for  several  years.  At  length,  how- 
ever, the  true  instinct  of  the  native 
spirit,  longing  for  the  society  of  its  own 
people,  made  him  resolve  on  going  to 
the  headquarters  of  his  tribe,  the  Sho- 
shones,  at  Wind  River,  Wyoming.  This 
feeling  he  dared  not  at  first  express  to 
any  one,  fearing  that  he  would  be  ridi- 
culed for  wanting  to  be  a  wild  Indian 
after  having  become  so  far  civilized.  He 
had  learned  to  love  the  good  people 
who  had  cared  for  him  and  he  knew 
they  wanted  him  to  stay  with  them  al- 
ways, but  he  could  not  control  the  strong 
desire  to  be  with  his  own  race,  which 
had  come  upon  him  and  taken  the  lead 
of  all  other  wishes.  At  last  he  resolved 
on  running  away,  but  before  doing  so 
Mr.  Brown  accidentally  stumbled  upon 
the  secret,  observing  one  day  to  Jim 
that  if  he  ever  wanted  to  visit  his  people 
in  the  camps  that  he  could  go  and  do 
so,  but  that  when  he  became  tired  again 
of  their  life  to  come  back,  for  he  could 
always  find  a  home  on  the  farm.  Jim 
eagerly  clutched  at  this  suggestion,  and 
it  was  not  long  before  he  was  away  as 
wild  and  merry  as  any  wild  Indian  boy, 
to  the  mountains  where  his  father's  race 
lived  and  hunted  and  camped  and  fished 


upon   the   banks   of   the    good    fishing 
streams  of  wild,  wierd  Wyoming. 

During  the  few  years  that  he  lived 
among  the  tribe  on  the  reservation,  he 
became  a  good  hunter,  killing  many  buf- 
faloes and  deer,  some  elk  and  one  bear. 
Jim  don't  take  much  pride  in  telling 
about  the  latter,  for  he  went  out  after 
an  adventure  that  should  be  as  exciting 
and  dangerous  as  any  his  companions 
told.,  who  had  been  in  the  embrace  of 
the  big  black  bear  or  had  their  flesh  torn 
by  the  teeth  of  the  grizzly.  Instead  of 
this,  however,  he  came  upon  a  cinnamon 
bear  quietly  feeding  at  good  distance 
away  for  a  shot.  The  bear  fell  dead  at 
the  first  fire,  and  Jim  says:  "Me  kill  'em 
too  easy.  No  fun  at  all.  He  fall  right 
over  dead." 

We  now  come  to  an  interesting  period 
in  the  life  of  this  young  native,  which 
philosophers  of  the  world  will  not  be 
able  to  understand.  While  roaming  the 
hills'  and  riding  the  plains,  idling  about 
the  camp  fire  or  in  the  excitement  of  the 
chase  for  game,  Jim  says,  "all  the  time 
everywhere,  something,  me  don't  know 
what  it  is,  something  say  you  go  among 
the  Mormons,  you  be  baptized."  And, 
as  so  many  hundreds  of  his  race  have 
done  of  late  years  and  so  many  thous- 
ands are  inevitably  destined  to  do  in  a 
few  years  to  come,  he  left  his  people  and 
came  among  the  "Mormons"  and  de- 
manded baptism.  Then  he  says  he. 
felt  good,  he  thought  he  was  all  right. 
It  appears  from  his  testimony  that  at  first 
he,  and  the  Indians  generally,  suppose 
that  when  they  have  obeyed  the  prompt- 
ings of  the  Spirit  impelling  them  to 
baptism,  that  then  all  is  done  and 
they  are  safe.  Jim,  however,  says:  "Of 
course  me  know  better,  now.  That's 
only  first  thing.  Just  commence  to  be 
saved  when  we  get  baptized."  He  has 
been  for  several  years  with  the  Elders 
who  are  laboring  among  the  Indians, 
and  has  learned  many  principles,  having 
received  the  blessings  of  the  Lord's 
house,  where  he  was  married.  He  keeps 
the  Word  of  Wisdom  strictly,  and  is 
never  profane  nor  vulgar.  He  takes  a 
great  deal  of  pride  in  his  knowledge 
and   understanding  of  the  Gospel,  and 


28 


IRELAND  AND    THE  IRISH. 


is  an  enthusiastic  laborer  among  the 
people  of  his  race,  in  disseminating  the 
truth.  As  he  speaks  to  them,  his  eye 
lights  up  brilliantly  and  the  earnest  fer- 
vor of  his  expression  is  most  convincing. 
Jim  is  one  of  the  handiest  and  most 
agreeable  companions  on  a  prolonged 
trip  in  the  mountains  we  have  ever 
traveled  with.  He  knows  how  and  is 
willing  to  do  almost  everything  that  is 
necessary  to  make  a  camp  agreeable.  We 
voted  him  the  best  cook,  the  best  hunter, 
the  best  hand  generally  in  the  company. 
He  took  his  turn  in  all  the  duties  of 
camp;  night  guarding — which  he  don't 
like  any  better  than  white  men — wash- 
ing, at  which  he  is  an  expert,  and  pray- 
ing, which  he  performs  with  apparent 
sincerity  and  faith. 

There  is  one  thing  that  Jim  believes 
with  all  his  heart;  it  is  this:  That  what 
an  Indian  knows,  he  knows,  just  as  well 
as  a  white  man.     It  was  brought  out  in 


a  discussion  he  had  with  one  of  our 
company,  who  was  hardly  willing  to 
make  that  acknowledgment.  The  sub- 
ject in  dispute  was  whether  deer  shed 
their  horns  every  year  or  not.    Jim  said 

they  did.     L maintained  that  he  had 

been  in  the  mountains,  but  had  never 
seen  shed  horns,  nor  deer  in  the  act  of 
shedding  them.  He  did  not  believe 
such  nonsense  as  that  the  enormous 
antlers  of  a  four  year  old  deer  were  the 
growth  of  a  single  year.  Jim  tried  to 
convince  him  in  vain.  He  argued  from 
his  own  knowledge,  and  tried  to  reason 
the  point,  saying,  "Deer  horns  grow  just 
like  wheat."  L would  not  be  con- 
vinced, and  finally,  as  an  end  to  contro- 
versy, Jim  substantiated  his  position  as 
follows:  "I  tell  you  they  shed  'em.  You 
don't  know.  Maybe  so  you  don't  think 
so.  Me  know.  Me  see  'cm.  'Course 
they  shed  'em.  All  the  Indians  in  the 
world  knozv  that.'" 


IRELAND    AND    THE    IRISH. 


i. 

Situated  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
between  latitude  510,  26',  and  550,  23' 
north,  and  longitude  5°,  20',  and  io°,  26' 
west,  and  directly  west  of  England,  lies 
an  island  remarkable  from  time  immem- 
orial for  the  peculiar  traits  of  character 
that  have  marked  its  inhabitants,  and  the 
social  and  political  relationship  it  has 
maintained  towards  the  different  nations 
of  the  earth. 

The  study  of  Irish  history,  like  the 
fascinating  allurements  of  the  ignis 
fatuus,  leads  us  on  until  we  find  ourselves 
submerged  in  the  bogs  of  legendary  lore, 
and  in  our  endeavors  to  extricate  our- 
selves, we  discover,  to  our  dismay,  that 
the  darkness  is  rendered  darker,  the 
treacherous  morass  gradually  tightens 
its  deadly  embrace  till  we  are  swallowed 
up  in  mystery,  and  despairingly  cry,  in  the 
language  of  Erin,  "It's  as  clear  as  mud." 

Justin  McCarthy  presents  the  intoxi- 
cating cup  of  Irish  mythology  to  our 
lips,  and  we  quaff  its  contents,  and  find 
ourselves   transported    to   that   "Mystic 


Isle"  and  enjoying  the  salubrity  of  its 
climate,  and  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery 
long  before  old  Noah  built  his  ark,  or 
dreamed  of  the  copartnership  being 
formed  between  the  waters  "above  the 
firmament"  and  the  waters  below  the  fir- 
mament, which  event,  no  doubt,  gave  rise 
to  the  Irish  dislike  for  water — as  Dion 
Boucicault  makes  the  priest  in  "Colleen 
Bawn"  say  to  the  servant  mixing  his 
toddy,  "as  little  water  as  possible,  for 
that  is  adversity."  At  this  early  period, 
we  find  the  Lady  Ceasiar  with  fifty 
women  and  three  men,  Bith,  Ladra  and' 
Fintain  our  companions  in  exile,  for  they, 
like  ourselves,  have  but  just  landed, 
though  from  what  place  or  by  what 
means  we  have  no  way  of  finding  out, 
but  are  content  to  know  that  they  con- 
tinued to  grow,  and  increase — ill  pro- 
portioned as  the}-  were — till  the  waters 
swept  them  away,  and  again  left  the 
island  empty  and  desolate,  causing  a 
breach  in  the  chain  of  events  which  we 
must  span,  and  unite  ourselves  with  the 
next   occupants   of  this  "fair  isle,"  viz: 


IRELAND  AND    THE  IRISH 


29 


Partholan  of  the  stock  of  Japhet,  in  the 
sixteenth  year  of  the  age  of  Abraham. 
The  descendants  of  this  monarch  held 
undisputed  sway  over  the  land  for  three 
hundred  years,  when  they  were  all  des- 
troyed  by   a   pestilence.     Next  came  a 
colony  under  Nemedh,  from  the  shores 
of    the     Black     Sea,    and    settled    the 
country;    but  a  bitter  war  was   waged 
against  them  by  the  Formorians,  a  race 
of    savage    sea-kings,    descendants    of 
Cham,  who  had  settled  in  the  Western 
Isles,  and  they  were  overcome,  a  rem- 
nant  only   escaping,   some   to    Greece, 
some  to  the  north  of  Europe,  and  some 
to    Britain.      The   refugees    kept  up    a 
harassing  struggle  for  possession  of  the 
land  under  their  leaders,  the  Forbolgs 
from  the  north,  and  the  Tuatha  de  Da- 
nann  from   Greece,   and   succeeded   in 
gaining  a  supremacy,  which   they   held 
till  their  last  king,  Cormac  Mac  Art,  suc- 
cumbed to  the  powerful  Fini,  under  Fin, 
the    son    of    Coul,   the    Fingal    of   the 
Scottish   Ossian,  to   whom   is    ascribed 
prescient  power.     "Oisin,  the  last  of  the 
Fini,   is   said   to   have   outlived   all   his 
companions  by  many  centuries,  and  to 
have  told  of  them  and  their  deeds  to  St. 
Patrick.      He   had  married  a   beautiful 
girl    who   came    to    wed    him,    from   a 
country  across  the  sea  called  Tirnanoge, 
and   there  he   dwelt  as  he  thought  for 
three,  but  as  it  proved,  for  three  hundred 
years.     At  the  end  of  that  time   there 
came  to  him  a  great  longing  to  see  Erin 
again,  and  after  much  entreaty,  his  fair 
wife  allowed  him  to  return  on  the  one 
condition,    that    he    never   dismounted 
from  a  white  steed  which  she  gave  him. 
When   he  got  to  Ireland,  he  found  the 
Fini   had   long   passed   away,  and   that 
only  the  distant  fame  of  them  lingered 
in   men's    minds.      Of    course   he   dis- 
mounts from   the   horse,  and  the  horse 
straightway    flies    away,    and    then   the 
curse  of  his  old  age  comes  upon  Oisin, 
who  falls  to  the  ground  an  old,  withered, 
blind  man,  doomed  never  again  to  go 
back  to  Tirnanoge  and  his  fair  wife,  and 
his  immortal  life." 

"Many  legends  are  extant  of  pre-Chris- 
tian Ireland,  compiled  from  ancient 
Irish  manuscripts,  in  the  Ossianic  songs, 


in  the  annals  of  Tighernach,  of  Ulster, 
of  Inis  Mac  Nerinn,  of  Innisfallen,  and 
of  Boyle,  in  the  'Chronicum  Scotorum,' 
the  books  of  Leinster  a,nd  Ballymote, 
the  Yellow  Book  of  Lecain,  and  the 
famous  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters, 
which  Michael  O'Clerigh,  the  poor  friar 
of  the  order  of  St.  Francis  compiled  for 
the  honor  of  Ireland.  They  are  inter- 
preted and  made  accessible  to  us  by 
scholars  and  writers  like  O 'Curry,  and 
Ferguson,  and  Mr.  P.  W.  Joyce,  and  Mr. 
Standish  O'Grady."  Romantic  though 
they  may  be,  the  legends  of  Ireland  will 
compare  favorably  with  the  legends  and 
folkslore  of  other  countries. 

Modern  historians  associate  Ireland 
with  Celtic  and  Teutonic  immigration. 
The  religion  of  the  early  inhabitants  was 
a  form  of  sun  worship  regulated  by 
Druids;  but  no  proof  exists  of  its  being 
accompanied  with  human  sacrifice — 
though  some  writers  contend  it  was — 
as  practiced  in  the  neighboring,  isles. 
The  most  authentic  history  begins  with 
St.  Patrick,  who  was  carried  as  a  slave 
from  Gaul  (France),  to  Erin.  Fie  after- 
wards escaped  to  Rome,  rose  high  in 
the  church,  and  in  A.  D.  462,  returned  to 
Ireland  with  the  hope  of  converting  the 
country — although  he  did  not  meet  with 
the  success  his  zeal  warranted;  his  fol- 
lowers carried  out  his  plans,  and  gave  to 
the  Catholic  church  a  splendid  triumph. 
He  died,  and  was  buried  in  Saul,  in  the 
county  of  Down;  but  his  fair  name  and 
fame  yet  lives  in  the  hearts  of  Irishmen, 
and  Catholics,  and  so  long  as  Irishmen 
live  and  have  a  being  upon  the  earth, 
the  seventeenth  of  "ould  Ireland"  will 
bring  with  it  memories  and  associations 
that  will  cause  joy  and  gladden  the 
hearts  of  the  people,  and  the  sound  of 
mirth  and  revelry  echo  from  hill  and 
moorland,  and  with  "noggin"  and  "doo- 
deen,"  and  a  wreath  of  shamrocks 
twined  around  his  "cabeen,"  the  son  of 
the  "old  dart"  will  welcome  "St. Patrick's 
day  in  the  morning." 

The  Catholic  religion  became  deep 
seated  in  Ireland;  and  the  adjacent 
countries  of  Germany,  France,  Belgium 
and  Scandinavia  owe  to  the  disciples  of 
St.    Patrick  their  earliest   saints.    The 


30 


IRELAND  AND    THE  IRISH. 


welfare  of  both  church  and  state  was 
variously  impaired  by  the  struggles  of 
the  Danes,  till  it  became  incorporated 
with  the  ecclesiastical  system  of  Rome 
at  a  synod  held  at  Kells,  A.  D.  1152,  and 
the  metropolitan  sees  of  Armagh,  Cashel, 
Dublin  and  Tuam  were  created 'under  the 
primacy  of  the  Archbishop  of  Armagh. 

Brian  Borolhme  was  acknowledged 
King  of  all  Ireland  in  1001,  and  reigned 
twelve  years,  when  he  was  killed  in  a 
war  with  the  Danes.  Civil  war  and 
struggles  for  the  crown,  mark  a  dark 
page  in  Irish  history  from  this  time 
till  the  Norman  conquest.  According 
to  their  own  historians,  "they  quarrelled 
among  themselves  as  readily  and  as 
fiercely  as  if  they  had  been  the  heads  of 
so  many  Greek  states.  The  Danes 
had  been  their  Persians;  their  Romans 
were  yet  to  come." 

Their  subjugation,  and  the  engender- 
ing of  bitter  hatred  in  the  hearts  of  the 
Irish  people  against  the  English,  may  be 
reckoned  from  the  twelfth  century, when 
Dermot  Macmurrough,  King  of  Leinster, 
carried  off  the  wife  of  Tiernan  O'Rourke 
of  Brefny,and  as  the  rape  of  Helen  was  the 
cause  of  dire  vengeance  upon  the  coun- 
tries of  the  "great  king,"  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  so  was  the  perfidy  of  Dermot 
and  his  willing  victim,  Devorgilla  (Erin's 
Helen),  the  cause  of  ages  of  bloodshed 
and  slaughter  on  the  neighboring  islands 
along  the  Irish  sea.  There  is  a  grim 
ironic  mockery  in  the  thought  that 
two  nations  have  been  set  for  centuries 
in  the  bitterest  hatred  by  the  loves  of  a 
lustful  savage  and  an  unfaithful  wife. 
Dermot  being  beset  on  all  sides  by  the 
Lord  of  Brefny  and  those  that  espoused 
his  cause,  fled  the  country,  and  did 
homage  to  Henry  II  of  England,  and 
sought  succor  of  him,  which  he  obtained, 
and  aided  by  Richard  de  Clare,  Earl 
Pembroke,  called  Strongbow,  he  re- 
turned with  an  army  to  Ireland,  and 
succeeded  in  establishing  himself  once 
more  in  his  former  greatness.  Dermot 
gave  his  daughter  Eva,  in  marriage,  to 
Strongbow,  which  formed  a  bond 
between  the  "Lord  of  Leinster  and  the 
Norman  Invader,"  which  gave  to  Eng- 
land victory  on  victory,  until  the  Nor- 


mans were  everywhere  triumphant,  and 
the  lands  of  the  O'  and  the  Mac  became 
the  homes  of  men  with  "strange  names 
and  strange  ways."  The  struggle  was 
fierce,  and  at.  the  death  of  Dermot, 
Henry  pushed  his  way  fiercely  and 
eagerly  to  an  entire  conquest,  and  being 
met  by  the  swords  of  the  Irish  Barons, 
the  owners  and  brave  defenders  of  the 
soil,  it  was  almost  a  constant  and  monot- 
onous warfare.  From  the  first  to  the 
second  Richard,  things  continued  much 
as  they  were  during  the  time  of  Henry; 
war  and  strife;  Normans  against  the 
Irish,  and  strife  between  Irish  houses.  At 
■last,  time  brought  about  a  partial  recon- 
ciliation, and  the  Normans  began  to  suc- 
cumb to  Irish  influences, and  at  length  be- 
came more  Irish  than  thelrish  themselves. 

In  131 5,  Edward  Bruce,  brother  of  the 
Scottish  King,  came  over  to  Ireland,  and 
espoused  her  cause  against  the  common 
enemy.  He  was  crowned  king  of  Dun- 
dalk,  and  for  a  while  was  successful,  but 
was  eventually  overcome  and  killed  at  a 
battle  fought  near  Dundalk,  by  the  Eng- 
lish, under  Sir  John  de  Birmingham,  and 
the  allied  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Anglo- 
Irish  forces.  Thus  was  Ireland  again 
subdued,  and  the  many  attempts  to 
divest  herself  of  English  rule  only  met 
with  repeated  defeat,  and  the  struggles 
of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster — 
White  and  Red  Rose — occupying  Ireland 
as  well  as  England,  by  the  house  of 
Osmond  plucking  a  sanguine  rose  with 
Somerset,  and  the  Geraldine's  cropping 
a  "pale  and  angry  rose"  with  Plantagenet 
— she  may  be  said  about  this  time  to 
have  lost  her  identity  among  nations, 
and  to  have  become  a  part  of  England 
socially,  politically,  and  historically. 

The  Geraldines  rose  to  great  power  in 
Ireland,  and  Henry  VII,  whom  the  bat- 
tle of  Bosworth-held  had  placed  on  the 
throne  of  Richard  of  Gloster,  was  con- 
tent to  leave  the  government  of  Ireland 
in  the  hands  of  the  Geraldines,  although 
this  house  had  ever  been  staunch  York- 
ists. The  faith  of  Henry  was  shaken  in 
the  rule  of  the  Irish  chief  when  he  saw 
the  disaffection  that  existed  under  that 
rule,  and  in  1494  he  sent  over  Sir  Edward 
Poynings  as  Lord  Deputy,  with  an  army 


IRELAND  AND    THE  IRISH. 


31 


at  his  back  to  change,  altogether,  the 
relationship  between  the  two  islands. 
"Poynings  summoned  a  parliament  at 
Drogheda,  at  which  the  famous  measure 
known  as  the  'Poyning's  Act'  was 
passed.  This  act  established  that  all 
English  laws  should  operate  in  Ireland, 
and  that  the  consent  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil of  England  was  necessary  for  all  acts 
of  the  Irish  Parliament.  These  meas- 
ures at  once  deprived  Ireland  of  all 
claim  to  independent  government. 
Henceforward  she  was  to  be  the  helpless 
dependent  of  the  conquering  country." 

The  government  of  the  country  now 
being  in  the  hands  of  the  Earl  of  Kil- 
dare,  a  fine  stroke  of  policy  on  the  part 
of  Henry — who  hoped  thus  to  secure  the 
quiet  dependence  of  Ireland — was  drift- 
ing, day  by  day,  further  away  from 
England.  Henry  VIII  became  alarmed 
and  jealous  of  the  Geraldine  power,  and 
resolved  on  destroying  that  house,  which 
he  did;  five  brothers  being  executed  on 
a  charge  of  conspiracy,  leaving  but  one, 
a  boy,  who  escaped  to  Rome,  but  who 
afterwards  founded  the  great  houses  of 
Desmond  and  Tyrone. 

Under  Henry  VIII,  Edward  and  Mary, 
Ireland  suffered  humiliating  subjugation; 
the  more  rebellious  houses  of  the 
O'Moore's  and  O'Connor's,  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  island,  were  cruelly 
butchered  and  brought  to  entire  sub- 
mission, after  a  period  of  outlawry;  the 
church  lands  were  confiscated;  monas- 
teries destroyed,  and  land  held  under 
English  law;  no  justice  administered 
but  at  the  King's  courts,  and  Irish  lords 
were  compelled  to  educate  their  sons  at 
the  English  court.  Henry  VIII  was  pro- 
claimed King  of  Ireland  by  the  Parlia- 
ment; and  it  was  during  the  reign  of 
Edward  that  the  "land  system  of  Ire- 
land" may  be  said  to  have  been  estab- 
lished, in  the  formation  of  King's  County 
and  Queen's  County.  Elizabeth  turned 
loose  a  band  of  soldiery  who,  according 
to  Mr.  Froude,  'lived  on  plunder,  and 
were  little  better  than  bandits.'  During 
this  reign,  a  large  immigration  of  Scotch 
from  Argyleshire  to  Antrim  took  place, 
who  allied  themselves  to  Shane  O'Neil,  in 
rebellion  against  the  crown, but  they  were 


afterward  reduced  to  vassalage  by  Shane, 
who  had  made  an  amicable  arrange- 
ment with  the  Queen  to  reduce  them. 

The  Geraldines  were  again  revived, 
and  forming  a  league,  caused  much 
trouble  and  annoyance  to  Elizabeth,  and 
a  bloody  war  was  waged  for  a  long 
time,  but  the  English  finally  subdued 
them,  and  the  lands  of  all  the  native 
chiefs  were  declared  confiscate,  and 
given  over  to  those  adventurers,  that 
chose  to  take  them  at  a  quit  rent  of 
two  pence  to  three  pence  per  acre. 
Thus  were  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
acres  of  Irish  land  deeded  to  English 
holders,  and  which,  to-day,  forms  the 
great  casus  belli  of  "land  leaguing"  and 
"Fenianism."  Mr.  McCarthy  thus  records 
it:  "The  next  step  was  to  confiscate  the 
estates  of  the  rebellious  chieftains.  The 
estates  of  Desmond  and  some  hundred 
and  forty  of  his  followers  came  to  the 
crown.  The  land  was  then  distributed 
at  the  cheapest  rate  in  large  tracts,  to 
English  nobles  and  gentlemen  adven- 
turers, who  were  pledged  to  colonize  it 
with  English  laborers  and  tradesmen. 
But  of  these  laborers  and  tradesmen  not 
many  came  over,  and  those  who  did 
soon  returned,  tired  of  struggling  for 
their  foothold  with  the  dispossessed 
Irish.  In  default  of  other  tenants,  the 
new  owners  of  the  soil  were  practically 
forced  to  take  on  the  natives  as  tenants- 
at-will,  and  thus  the  desired  change  of 
population  was  not  effected." 

Affairs  in  Ireland  continued  much  as 
they  were  during  the  reigns  of  James, 
Charles  and  Cromwell,  although  during 
the  settlement  of  the  latter,  the  country 
suffered  more  indignities,  and  more  open 
violations  than  during  the  reigns  of  the 
former.  Justin  McCarthy  thus  speaks 
of  the  cruelties  perpetrated  by  Crom- 
well: "Women  and  girls  who  were  in 
the  way  of  adventurers  could  be  got  rid 
of  profitably  to  West  Indian  planters 
weary  of  Maroon  and  Negro  women. 
Into  such  shameful  slavery  thousands  of 
unhappy  Irishwomen  were  sent,  and  it 
was  only  when  the  Irish  supply  being 
exhausted  the  dealers  in  human  flesh 
began  to  seize  upon  the  Englishwomen 
to  swell  their  lists,  that  the  practice  was 


32 


IRELAND  AND    THE  IRISH. 


prohibited;"  and  Sir  William  Petty  states 
that  six  thousand  boys  and  girls  were 
sent  to  the  West  Indies;  and  the  total 
number  transported  there  and  to  Vir- 
ginia was  estimated  at  ten  thousand. 
Many  "Irish  wenches"  were  also  sent  to 
the  West  Indies  "for  the  consolation  of 
the  soldiers"  in  the  newly  acquired 
colony  of  Jamaica. 

Nor  were  Charles  II,  James  II,  or  Wil- 
liam, any  advantage  to  Ireland;  but  the 
reign  of  each  was  marked  by  arbitrary 
enactments,  causing  the  feeling  of  bitter 
hatred  engendered  by  their  predeces- 
sors to  rankle  in  the  breasts  of  the  de- 
pendent people,  who  had  been  schooled 
in  war  and  rebellion,  and  rendered  cal- 
lous by  defeat,  till  they  were  prepared 
for  the  great  coup  de  grace  which  was 
given  by  "the  ferocious  legislation  of 
Queen  Anne,"  and  which  had  done  its 
work  of  humiliation  to  the  full.  "For  a 
hundred  years  the  country  was  crushed 
into  quiescent  misery.  Against  the 
tyranny  which  made  war  at  once  upon 
their  creed,  their  intellect,  and  their 
trade,  the  Irish  had  no  strength  to 
struggle.  The  evidence  of  Arthur 
Young  shows  how  terribly  the  condition 
of  the  peasantry  had  sunk  when  he  is 
able  to  state  that  "Landlords  of  conse- 
quence have  assured  me  that  many  of 
their  cotters  would  think  themselves 
honored  by  having  their  wives  and 
daughters  sent  to  the  bed  of  their  mas- 
ters; a  mark  of  slavery  which  proves  the 
oppression  under  which  such  people 
must  live."  The  terrible  famine  of  1741; 
the  deprivation  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Lords  of  any  appellate  jurisdiction,  and 
the  act  declaring  that  the  English  Par- 
liament had  the  right  to  make  laws  to 
bind  the  people  of  Ireland,  passed  in  the 
sixth  year  of  George  I,  had  their  effect, 
and  the  condition  of  the  people  became 
truly  pitiable.  But  lights  began  to  gleam 
from  dark  places,  and  Swift,  Chesterfield, 
Lucas,  Henry  Flood,  and  Henry  Grat- 
tan,  boldly  stepped  upon  the  platform  of 
Freedom,  and  boldly  advocated  the  in- 
dependence of  Parliament,  and  to  the 
untiring  zeal  of  the  latter,  coupled  with 
the  war  with  the  American  colonies, 
may  be    attributed    the    repeal   of   the 


"hateful  act  of  the  sixth  George  I," 
which  gave  to  Ireland  comparative  free- 
dom. Several  insignificant  insurrections 
occurred  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  culminating  in  what 
is  known  as  the  rebellion  of  '98,  but  they 
were  ineffectual,  and  more  harm  than 
good  resulted  from  them;  but  leniency 
was  shown  to  the  country,  measurably 
owing  to  the  trouble  in  America,  involv- 
ing all  the  attention  of  England.  At 
the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
just  eighteen  years  from  the  repeal  of 
the  act  of  the  sixth  George  I,  the  union  of 
England  and  Ireland  was  effected  by  the 
"Bill  of  Union  of  1800,"  and  that  body- 
known  as  the  "Irish  Parliament"  ceased 
to  exist. 

We  have  briefly  traced  a  few  of  the 
most  important  events  in  the  history  of 
Ireland,  as  a  prelude  to  scenes  and  en- 
actments, which  we  will  endeavor  to  lay 
before  our  readers,  in  connection  with 
the  all-important  question  of  the  day, 
viz.,  "The  Emancipation  of  Ireland," 
and  in  the  series  of  articles  on  this  sub- 
ject, we  shall  try  to  ventilate  the  vexed 
questions  of  Fenianism,  Land  Leagues, 
Home  Rule,  etc.,  and  to  draw  true  pic- 
tures as  they  exist  to-day  in  the  beautiful 
Emerald  Isle.  R.  S.  Spence. 


Literature  is  the  gift  of  heaven,  a  ray 
of  that  wisdom  by  which  the  universe  is 
governed,  and  which  man,  inspired  by  a 
celestial  intelligence,  has  drawn  down  to 
earth.  Like  the  rays  of  the  sun,  it  en- 
lightens us,  it  rejoices  us,  it  warms  us 
with  a  heavenly  flame,  and  seems,  in 
some  sort,  like  the  element  of  fire,  to 
bend  all  nature  to  our  use.  By  its 
means  we  are  enabled  to  bring  around 
us  all  things,  all  places,  all  men,  and  all 
times.  It  assists  us  to  regulate  our 
manners  and  our  life.  By  its  aid,  too, 
our  passions  are  calmed,  vice  is  sup- 
pressed and  virtue  encouraged  by  the 
memorable  examples  of  great  and  good 
men  which  it  has  handed  down  to  us, 
and  whose  time-honored  images  it  ever 
hrings  before  our  eyes.  Literature  is  a 
daughter  of  heaven,  who  has  descended 
upon  earth  to  soften  and  charm  away 
the  evils  of  the  human  race. —  Goldsmith. 


OVERTHROW  OF  GOG  AND   MAGOG.  33 

OVERTHROW    OF    GOG    AND    MAGOG* 
Respectfully  Inscribed  to  President  John  Taylor. 

There's  a  sound  from  the  Vale !     There's  a  voice  from  the  Mountain  ! 

From  the  land  of  the  waste  and  the  village  unwalled, 
Comes  a  sound  like  the  roar  of  the  rock-rending  fountain, 
Or  the  voice  of  the  tempest  when  thunder  hath  called. 
'Tis  the  voice  of  the  Lord! 
'Tis  the  sound  for  the  sword  ! 
Hear  ye  not  the  loud  echoes  go  rolling  along? 
Freedom's  hand  is  on  high, 
The  oppressor  must  die, 
'Tis  the  triumph  of  truth  and  of  right  over  wrong, 

Oh  !  whence  is  yon  host,  with  its  high  banners  blazing 

O'er  helm,  spear  and  shield,  as  the  sea's  countless  sand? 
Lo !  an  armament  mighty,  with  power  amazing, 
Coming  up  like  a  cloud  to  o'erdarken  the  land  ! 
'Tis  Togarmah  looks  forth, 
From  the  lands  of  the  north, 
For  a  spoil,  and  to  prey  on  the  peaceful  and  free. 
Thou  art  come  for  a  spoil, 
But  the  worms  of  the  soil 
Shall  fatten  and  feed  on  thy  bands  and  on  thee. 

Hear  the  word  of  the  Lord,  O  ye  nations  ascending! — 

"Touch  not  mine  anointed,  do  my  prophets  no  harm!" 
Have  ye  hearkened  in  vain,  that  with  hurtful  intending 
Ye  have  filled  all  my  valleys  with  warlike  alarm? 
Like  the  robbers  of  Rome, 
Without  cause  have  ye  come 
To  trample  the  "scattered  and  peeled"  as  of  yore? 
Lo !  with  thee  and  thy  race, 
Will  I  plead  face  to  face, 
Till  the  cup  of  my  fury  with  vengeance  runs  o'er. 

Woe  !  woe  to  thee,  winged  land  i — wonder  of  nations  ! — 

Brought  back  by  the  sword  and  the  patriot's  blood — 
As  a  goddess  thou  stand'st,  but  shalt  fall  from  thy  station, 
Tho'  thy  throne  were  as  high  as  once  Lucifer's  stood. 
Drop  down,  O  ye  heavens  ! 
From  morn  until  even, 
Let  the  arrows  of  wrath  pour  their  fiery  rain, 

Till  the  birds  of  the  air,  '    . 

And  the  beasts  of  the  lair, 
Shall  gorge  in  the  fat  of  Philistia's  slain. 

Yea,  the  Lord  shall  arise  as  a  fierce  roaring  lion; 

He  shall  waste  them  with  fire,  with  famine  and  dearth; 
He  hath  uttered  his  voice  from  the  heights  of  Mount  Zion, 
And  called  for  a  sword  from  the  ends  of  the  earth. 
Lift  up  the  loud  voice  ! 
Let  Zion  rejoice! 
"For  great  is  the  Holy  One  in  the  midst  of  thee" — 
Shout  aloud  to  the  skies, 
Till  the  thunder  replies  : 
Babylon  is  fallen,  and  Israel  is  free  ! 

0.  F.    Whitney. 
Suggested  by  the  38th  and  39th  chapters  of  Ezekiel. 


34 


EDITORIAL. 


THE  CONTRIBUTOR. 

A  MONTHLY  MAGAZINE. 

JUNIUS   F.  WELLS, 

Editor  and  Publisher. 


terms: 
Two  Dollars  a  J  rear. 


In  Advance. 


Salt  Lake  City, 


October,  1883. 


'^THE   THREE  WITNESSES." 

When  we  first  thought  of  procuring 
an  engraving  of  The  Three  Witnesses  of 
the  Book  of  Mormon  for  publication  in 
the  Contributor,  little  difficulty  was 
anticipated.  It  was  supposed  that  their 
likenesses  could  be  readily  obtained  and 
that  their  autographs  and  biographical 
information  would  be  in  possession  of 
old-time  friends  and  relatives  now  living. 
It  was  not  long,  however,  before  we  dis- 
covered that  such  was  not  the  case,  and 
that  so  far  from  the  materials,  necessary 
to  form  the  interesting  group,  being 
readily  at  hand,  that  we  would  succeed 
in  procuring  them  only  after  the  most 
careful  inquiry  and  persistent  effort 
should  be  made. 

There  was  no  delay  nor  trouble  in  get- 
ting David  Whitmer's  portrait,  for  a 
very  fine  one  had  been  made  but  a  few 
years  since — in  1S77 — for  publication  in 
a  county  history  of  Missouri,  a  copy  of 
which  had  been  brought  to  Utah  in  1878 
by  President  Joseph  F.  Smith  and  photo- 
graphed, Martin  Harris,  after  coming 
to  Utah  and  locating  here  with  his  fami- 
ly, had  a  photograph  taken,  in  1871,  by 
C.  R.  Savage,  copies  of  which  were 
kindly  furnished  by  Martin  Harris,  Jr., 
of  Smithfield,  Cache  County,  and  Ed- 
ward Stevenson,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  who 
was  chiefly  instrumental  in  bringing  Mar- 
tin Harris,  the  witness,  to  Utah. 

Oliver  Cowdery's  sister  living  in  Utah, 
we  found,  knew  nothing  of  his  later  life, 
had  no  letters  or  portraits,  and  was  not 
in  correspondence  with  any  of  his  fam- 
ily.    She,  however,  remembered  that  an 


oil  painting  had  been  made  of  her 
brother  when  he  was  in  Missouri,  about 
fifty-five  years  ago.  Upon  this  clue  we 
followed  up  a  series  of  correspondence 
with  relatives  of  the  Whitmer's,  and 
through  them  learned  that  Oliver  Cow- 
dery's widow,  David  Whitmer's  sister, 
was  living  with  her  daughter,  Mrs. 
Charles  Johnson,  somewhere  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Missouri. 

Through  the  correspondence  of  Elder 
John  Morgan  with  some  friends  of  Mrs. 
Cowdery,  we  ascertained  that  a  daguer- 
reotype had  been  taken  of  Oliver  four 
years  before  his  death,  and  that  it,  as 
well  as  the  oil  painting,  was  in  posses- 
sion of  his  daughter.  These  friends 
undertook  to  procure  either  one  or  the 
other  of  the  likenesses  for  us  to  use, 
and  were  sure  of  success.  Mrs.  John- 
son was  approached  upon  the  matter, 
and  quite  readily  consented  to  loan  the 
daguerreotype,  which  is  much  the  better 
portrait;  her  mother  was  also  agreeable, 
and  we  received  the  encouraging  intelli- 
gence from  Elder  Morgan  that  the  pic- 
ture would  be  at  our  command  in  a  few 
days. 

In  the  meantime,  to  make  sure  of  get- 
ting it,  and  hearing  from  a  relative  of 
the  Whitmer  family,  Mr.  Vancleave,  of 
Chicago,  that  Dr.  Charles  Johnson,  who 
controlled  the  likenesses,  was  opposed 
to  letting  them  go  to  Utah;  we  solicited, 
by  courtesy  of  President  Joseph  F. 
Smith,  that  gentleman's  aid,  and  felt 
sure  that  success  would  soon  reward  our 
efforts.  These  too  sanguine  hopes  were 
soon  shattered;  the  Doctor  set  his  foot 
down  upon,  the  project  and  absolutely 
refused  to  permit  either  of  the  portraits 
to  be  used,  especially  by  a  "Utah  Mor- 
mon," as  he  in  his  politest  moods  called 
us.  His  wife  wrote  that  "the  Doctor  has 
set  himself  against  it,  and  that  is  the  end 
of  the  matter."    . 

By  this  time  the  mere  desire  to  pro- 
cure a  plate  of  The  Three  Witnesses  for 
a  frontispiece  to  the'  magazine  was  sup- 
planted by  a  sense  of  religious  duty,  to 
rescue  from  oblivion  and  possible  des- 
truction the  only  portraits  of  those  hon- 
ored men,  whose  early  history  is  so  won- 
derfully interesting  to  every  member  of 


EDITORIAL. 


35 


the  Church  now,  and  will  be  forever. 
The  difficulties  presented  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  this  purpose  only  intensi- 
fied the  determination  to  succeed. 

The  assistance  of  Elder  James  H. 
Hart  was  therefore  secured,  and  he  pro- 
ceeded in  his  characteristically  cool  and 
vigorous  manner  to  the  successful  issue 
which  crowned  his  labors,  and  which  he 
narrates  in  his  highly  interesting  cor- 
respondence to  the  Territorial  press. 
The  following  is  extracted  from  letters 
received  from  him :  "  I  went  first  to 
Richmond  under  the  impression  that 
Dr.  Johnson  might  have  returned  there 
from  Seneca  where  he  had  been  living. 
On  arriving  I  leafned  that  he  had  moved 
to  South  West  City,  twenty-eight  miles 
south  of  Seneca,  with  no  railroad  com- 
munication. I  therefore  returned  to 
Kansas  City,  thence  to  the  extreme 
south-west  corner  of  Missouri,  passing 
through  the  north-east  corner  of  the  In- 
dian Territory  via  Vinita.  Knowing  the 
determined  opposition  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
David  Whitmer  assured  me,  before 
leaving,  that  my  journey  would  be  in  vain. 

The  doctor  was  at  first  quite  hostile, 
but  after  laboring  with  him  several 
hours,  during  which  his  wife  and  Mrs. 
Cowdery  warmly  seconded  my  pleading, 
some  kind  spirit  came  upon  him  and  he 
gave  me  the  choice  between  the  oil 
painting  and  the  daguerreotype.  I  chose 
the  latter,  and  placed  it  in  the  hands  of 
the  engravers.  Before  I  left,  the  same 
spirit  led  the  doctor  to  say  he  thought 
perhaps  he  would  yet  go  west  and  locate 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Mrs.  Johnson 
also  gave  me  her  father's  autograph. 
(The  same  as  appears  in  the  signature  to 
the  Testimony  on  the  first  page  of  this 
number.) 

The  likeness,  procured,  was  taken 
when  Oliver  was  about  forty-two  years 
of  age.  It  has  been  submitted  to  the 
inspection  of  several  old  acquaintances, 
and  is  uniformly  pronounced  by  them  to 
be  an  excellent  portrait.  Some  of  these 
at  once  recognized  the  face,  though 
they  had  not  seen  the  original  for  over 
forty  years,  and  remarked  that  the  strik- 
ing features  of  his  countenance  were 
vividly  and  accurately  preserved. 


The  resemblance  of  the  portraits  of 
David  Whitmer  and  Martin  Harris  is 
readily  recognized  and  applauded  by  all 
who  know  them.  They  agree  in  testify- 
ing to  the  excellent  portraits  and  superb 
workmanship  of  the  engraving. 

The  Hill  Cumorah  is  a  reproduction 
of  a  fine  photograph  which  Apostle 
Franklin  D.  Richards  had  taken  during 
his  visit  there  a  few  years  ago.  The 
group  seen  upon  the  hillside  consists  of 
himself,  wife,  sons  Lorenzo  and  Charles, 
and  Joseph  A.  West,  besides  the  owner 
of  the  ground,  who  stated  to  them  that 
they  were  standing  around  the  spot,  in- 
dicated by  Joseph  Smith  to  his  father  as 
the  place  from  which  the  plates  were 
taken.  It  is  on  the  west  sMe  of  the  hill, 
near  the  north  end,  and  not  far  from  the 
top,  exactly  corresponding  to  the  writ- 
ten statement  of  the  Prophet  upon  the 
subject,  and  the  repeated  testimony  o* 
the  witnesses. 

The  figures  selected  as  embellish- 
ments of  this  historic  engraving  were 
drawn  to  illustrate  Scriptural  texts. 
The  one  on  the  left  represents  ihe  angel 
of  the  restoration,  agreeable  to  the 
words  of  John  the  Revelator:  "And  I 
saw  another  angel  fly  in  the  midst  of 
heaven,  having  the  everlasting  gospel  to 
preach  unto  them  that  dwell  on  the 
earth."  The  drapery  of  the  figure,  so 
far  as  the  garment  is  concerned,  is 
drawn  according  to  the  description  of  the 
costume  of  the  angel  that  visited  Joseph 
Smith  on  the  night  of  September  21, 
1823. 

The  group  on  the  right  is  intended  as 
a  reminder  of  the  appearance  of  Moroni, 
the  custodian  of  the  plates,  to  the  Wit- 
nesses, at  the  time  they  had  retired  to 
the  woods  near  Waterloo,  New  York, 
and  besought  the  Lord  for  that  wonder- 
ful vision,  which,  being  granted,  has  dis- 
tinguished them  for  all  time  to  come. 
The  expression  of  their  faces -is  designed 
to  illustrate  the  text  from  the  Testimony 
which  reads  as  follows:  "And  it  is  mar- 
velous in  our  eyes."  The  circumstances 
of  that  heavenly  visitation  are  peculiar, 
and  will  be  narrated  in  the  History  of 
the  Book  of  Mormon. 

The  union  of  the  sticks  of  Joseph  and 


36 


INDIAN  SUMMER. 


Judah  is  fully  predicted  in  the  writings 
of  the  prophets  (Ezekiel  xxxvii,  16-20). 
The  engraving,  it  thus  appears,  has 
been  procured  after  much  labor  and  ex- 
pense in  getting  the  portraits  and  draw- 
ings. The  work  done  by  Messrs.  Hall 
&  Sons,  New  York,  is  as  fine  as  can  be 
executed  by  the  best  engravers  on  steel. 


The  picture  is  intended  as  a  souvenir  of 
the  glorious  events  attending  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Gospel  to  the  earth,  and  more 
especially  the  bringing  forth  of  the  sacred 
records  that  testify  of  God's  dealings  with 
His  children  upon  this  continent  in  early 
times.  As  such  it  is  respectfully  dedicated 
to  the  Latter-day  Saints  in  all  the  world. 


INDIAN    SUMMER. 


There  is  no  more  dreamy  time  of 
year  than  the  mellow,  hazy,  pensive  sea- 
son, which  we  call  the  Indian  summer. 
It  is  rather  a  pretty  romantic  name,  and 
applicable,  f«r  it  is  really  the  time  when 
the  Indians  harvest  their  corn  and  lay  in 
their  stores  for  winter  supplies.  The 
hunting  season  when  the  game  is  abun- 
dant (or  once  was)  and  the  hunter  goes 
into  the  dense  woods  and  mountain  fast- 
nesses and  chases  the  deer  and  antelope, 
roaming  through  the  wide  and  wild  un- 
cultivated domain  with  more  exquisite 
pleasure  than  he  finds  in  the  pursuits 
of  the  field  and  farm.  This  occupation 
is  specially  suited  to  the  untutored  char- 
acter of  the  red  man  of  the  forest.  It 
seems  quite  proper  that  the  aborigines 
of  America  should  have  their  name 
perpetuated  through  some  direct  chan- 
nel. Lo!  the  poor  Indian,  how  little 
consideration  is  shown  him!  And  once 
all  these  broad  lands,  stretching  from 
ocean  to  ocean,  with  their  dense  forests, 
and  winding  streams  and  wonderful 
rivers  flowing  down  into  the  great  un- 
fathomable sea,  the  beautiful  lakes  and 
everlasting  hills,  all  these  were  his,  and 
he  was  the  sole  possessor  of  the  soil, 
only  rivaled  by  the  wild  beasts  who  con- 
tended for  the  mastery,  yet  he  kept  them 
at  bay,  and  year  after  year,  his  dominion 
was  absolute  and  he  had  no  knowledge 
of  foreign  powers  who  would  come  to 
subdue  and  conquer,  and  monopolize 
the  beautiful  land  of  which  he  held  the 
undisputed  right.  Why  should  not  the 
white  man  who  has  robbed  him,  little  by 
little  of  his  inheritance,  pay  some  tribute 
to  his  nation  if  only  in  literary  parlance. 
There  is  one  peculiar  beauty  of  this 


season  that  makes  it  more  definitely 
Indian  in  the  true  sense  and  that  is  its 
bright  colors.  The  red  and  yellow  are 
conspicuous,  and  stand  out  in  bold  con- 
trast to  the  grey  and  sombre  back- 
ground. The  bright  red  berries  that  we 
love  so  much  to  see,  holly,  vermilion  and 
even  rose  berries,  "bathed  too  in  the 
flame  of  sunset"  these  are  brightest 
then,  adorning  the  landscape;  the  ferns 
turn  red  and  yellow,  and  so  deli- 
cately formed  are  they,  that  the  highest 
flaming  colors  only  make  them  more  in- 
tensely beautiful.  The  leaves  of  the 
common  bramble  and  blackberry  turn 
to  a  deep  crimson  or  bright  vermilion, 
and  glitter  in  the  sun  light,  with  warmth 
and  splendor.  There  are  many  varieties 
of  shrubbery  and  leaves  that  seem  full 
of  warm  yellow  light,  almost  luminous  of 
themselves  and  the  sun  gives  to  them  a 
richer  tone  and  more  gorgeous  splendor. 
This  is  the  season  to  wander  in  the 
woods  and  canyons  and  find  such  ex- 
quisite delight  as  one  can  only  feel  in 
the  grand,  old,  magnificent  forests.  There 
indeed  the  study  of  nature  in  all  its 
labyrinths  seems  more  than  ever  en- 
tangled, and  one  feels  there  is  no  way 
out  of  the  environment  except  through 
and  by  that  supreme  power  that  per- 
vades the  universe.  Man's  intelligence 
seems  at  fault,  man's  interpretation  of 
the  higher  laws  of  the  universe  and  of 
scripture,  fall  so  far  short  of  the  divine 
authority  that  one  feels  his  own  weak- 
ness, intensely,  in  the  presence  of  such 
overwhelming  testimony  as  he  finds 
everywhere  in  the  kingdom  of  nature. 
"O,  nature,  how  in  every  charm  supreme, 
Whose  votaries  feast  on  raptures  ever  new  ! 


INDIAN  SUMMER. 


37 


O,  for  the  voice  and  fire  of  seraphim, 
To  sing  thy  glories  with  devotion  due." 

The  pensiveness  of  mind  is  one  of  the 
proofs  of  the  harmony  between  nature 
outside  and  in  the  inner  depths  of  the 
soul.  Meditation  is  the  normal  condition 
induced  by  the  peculiar  atmosphere  and 
surroundings  of  the  sweet  mellow  days 
at  this  halcyon  season,  when  one  cannot 
avoid  thoughtful  reveries.  The  falling 
leaves,  as  they  flutter  down  and  lie  in 
thick  soft  matting  under  our  feet,  tell  us 
so  plainly  that  a  change  is  about  to  take 
place  in  the  great  panorama  of  earth's 
paraphernalia. 

One  cannot  quite  school  himself  into 
forgetfulness,  and  the  placid,  passive 
Indian  summer  is  a  fitting  time  for  retro- 
spection. And  after  all,  why  should  we 
endeavor  to  forget?  Is  it  not  better  to 
remember  the  faces  of  those  we  loved, 
and  hear  their  voices  as  it  were  in  the 
sighing  of  the  trees  or  the  murmur  of 
the  rivulet,  aVid  feel  their  presence  gently 
reminding  us  of  the  hope  we  have  of 
future  fruition,  where  we  shall  meet 
once  more,  when  that  glorious  morn 
shall  dawn,  and  the  dead  come  forth  to 
live  again  in  endless  lives  ?  Yes !  it 
must  be  better  to  remember  the  good 
and  pure,  the  innocent,  who  were  taken 
away  from  the  evil  to  come,  for  their  in- 
fluence upon  us  must  make  us  nobler 
and  better,  when  our  hearts  are  drawn 
out  towards  them  in  anticipation  of  that 
joyful  meeting  where  there  will  be  "no 
more  parting  forever." 

"When  time  has  past  and  seasons  fled, 
Your  hearts  will  feel  like  mine, 

And  aye,  the  sang  will  maist  delight 
That  minds  ye  o'  lang  syne." 

It  is  not  always  true  that  reflection 
upon  the  past  and  thoughtfulness  make 
one  sad  at  heart;  it  is  good  to  be  somewhat 
sober  and  staid,  and  to  have  solid  joy  in 
solitude.  Every  one  needs  this,  and  in 
the  daily  occupations  of  city  life  one  can 
scarcely  ever -obtain  it.  But  just  step 
outside  these  busy  thoroughfares  into 
the  fields  and  pastures  now  just  turning 
'  grey  and  brown,  where  a  dead  quiet 
seems  to  lull  one's  senses  into  that 
mood,  neither  grave  nor  gray,  and  invol- 


untarily the  fancies  go  wandering  here, 
there  and  everywhere  o'er  mountain 
tops,  where  the  blue  sky  looks  so  com- 
placently down  upon  the  dwellers  of 
earth,  or  through  densely  wooded  dells 
and  groves,  resting  the  weary  brain,  and 
in  imagination  one  peers  searchingly 
into  the  faces  of  those  who  were  the 
companions  of  earlier  days  "the  loved 
and  lost,"  and  we  think  with  the  poet: 

"I  call  to  mind,  but  cannot  find 
The  forms  I  once  loved  well ! 

Where  have  ye  fled,  ye  vanished  ? 
I  ask,  ye  do  not  toll  !" 

Calling  up  these  tender  remembrances 
brings  us  into  close  communion  with 
our  own  hearts,  and  the  unexplored  re- 
gions of  emotional  feeling.  We  do  not 
any  of  us  know  to  what  extent  we  are 
capable  of  development  of  heart  and 
inner  life,  until  some  sorrow,  sacrifice, 
or  newly-found  joy  causes  us  to  become 
known  to  ourselves,  and  we  find  we 
are  capable  of  that  which  we  were 
not  aware  we  even  possessed  a  germ 
of.  These  latent  forces  need  some- 
thing to  give  them  impetus,  and  we 
shall  yet  find  the  human  soul  possesses 
capabilities  as  high  as  heaven,  and  as 
deep  as  the  realms  of  infinity,  for  there 
is  no  boundary  to  the  growth  of  intelli- 
gence. 

It  is  delightful  to  feel  the  relief  that 
the  slow,  pensive  days  bring  to  the  hu- 
man mind.  A  sort  of  tranquility,  a 
repose  that  is  exalting  in  its  nature.  It 
is  not  the  dead,  cold  silence  of  winter, 
with  its  frosts  and  snows,  that  chills  the 
finest  feelings,  nor  the  radiant  golden 
summer,  with  its  brightness,  that  spon- 
taneously heightens  pleasure  and  causes 
every  pulse  of  life  to  beat  quicker  and 
throb  with  the  excitement  of  that  which 
is  vivid,  real,  and  tangible  life.  After 
this  straining  of  the  nerve  forces,  and 
the  consequent  depression  of  the  active 
functions  in  one's  organism,  is  it  not 
well  and  wisely  ordered  that  before  the 
chilling  blasts  of  winter  set  in,  there 
should  be  that  serene  restfulness  that 
the  Indian  summer  is  sure  to  bring  to 
the  lover  of  nature?  One  of  our  own 
sweet  woman  poets,  Lu  Dalton,  has  said 
of  this  particular  season, 


38 


BRITISH  BRAVES. 


"The  soft  air  whispers  strange,  mysterious  tilings, 

Of  summer  gone  and  winter  yet  to  come, 
And  other  deeper  tones  which  strike  the  hidden 
strings." 
And  this  is  true:   it  is  an  interim  of 
sweet  repose,  not  dull,  brainless,  listless 
languishings,  but  in  which  such  blend- 
ing   of    the    beauties    of   summer  and 
glories  of  autumn  gracefully  mingle,  that 
it  is  like  the  picture  of  an  experienced 
artist  who  knows   exactly  how  to  har- 
monize, subdue  and  soften  warm,  rich 
colors  to  produce  the  most  charming  ef- 
fect  upon   the  beholder.     One  admires 
the   perfection   of   the   work   and    sees 
nothing  to  complain  of. 
"The  pale,  descending  year,  yet  pleasing  still, 
A  gentle  mood  inspires;  for  now  the  leaf 
Incessant  rustles  from  the  mournful  grove." 

It  is  this  gentler  mood  that  has  given  to 
the  poet  the  tender  touch  of  inspiration, 
that  brings  him  nearer  to  the  heart  of 
true  nature  than  the  most  glowing  pas- 
sages of  wit  and  humor  that  were  ever 
written  under  the  powerful  stimulus  of 
bright  sunshine  and  the  wildest  enthu- 
siasm of  "love's  young  dream." 

If  we  are  wise  in  our  day  and  genera- 
tion, we  will  grasp  the  happy  breathing 


time,  between  the  summer's  heat  and 
winter's  cold,  and  recruit  our  over- 
worked brain,  thus  prolonging  our  earth- 
ly existence  and  making  capital  of  our 
opportunities  for  life's  great  ultimatum. 

Those  who  have  made  life  the  most 
perfect  success,  who  have  engraven  their 
record  upon  the  hearts  of  their  cotem- 
poraries  and  lived  on  in  the  people  of 
the  future,  those  whose  example  has 
been  in  careful  keeping  with  their  public 
career,  those  are  the  lights  for  us  to  fol- 
low.. Men  and  women  who  have  as  it 
were  written  their  names  in  letters  of 
gold.  Have  they  ever  needed  rest  and 
change?  Undoubtedly  they  have  for 
they  too  were  mortal.  If  we  are  wise 
stewards  over  the  talents  given  unto  us, 
then  we  shall  avail  ourselves  of  these 
beautiful  Indian  summer  days,  and  re- 
cuperate, and  by  so  doing  live  to  enjoy 
this  glorious  world,  that  so  many  of  us 
find  so  much  fault  with,  yet  are  never 
willing  to  leave  it.  After  -all  many  of 
us  can  with  propriety  say  "our  lives 
were  cast  in  pleasant  places." 

Amethyst. 


Truth  denies  all  eloquence  to  woe. 


BRITISH    BRAVES. 


About  fifty  years  before  the  Christian 
Era,  the  noble  aborigines  of  what  is  now 
recognized  as  the  most  civilized  nation, 
at  least  of  Europe  if  not  the  world, 
might  have  been  seen  in  all  the  native 
simplicity  of  custom,  arid  striking  scanti- 
ness of  apparel,  which  usually  character- 
ize primitive  man  wherever  you  find 
him.  In  short  the  ancient  Britons,  as 
discovered  by  Cassar  at  the  period 
named,  were  simply  savages.  Now 
savages  are  generally  known  among  the 
races  as  either  copper  colored,  red  men, 
or  black  men,  but  strange  to  say  the 
savages  of  Britain  were  blue  men.  It  must 
not  however  be  inferred  that  blue  was  the 
natural  color  of  these  stalwart  sires  of 
savagedom;  on  the  contrary  the  Britons 
of  the  past  were  naturally  as  white  as 
that  portion  of  the  Britons  of  the  present 


who  are  their  descendants. '  They  were 
really  the  only  white  savages  known  to 
history,  but  as  a  white  skin  seems  to  be 
incompatible  with  a  savage  life,  these 
British  braves  changed  that  emblematic 
color  of  civilization  by  staining  them- 
selves sky-blue,  which  they  accomplish- 
ed with  the  juice  of  a  plant  called 
woad. 

Not  satisfied  with  adopting  this  bright 
national  hue,  the  original  lords  of  Eng- 
land rendered  their  persons  still  more 
fancifully  ornamental,  if  not  more  useful, 
than  the  modern  article,  by  painting  or 
tattooing  themselves  with  various  de- 
vices. A  noble  of  that  period  living  in 
the  interior  of  the  island  would  appear 
at  a  British  banquet  of  venison  bark 
mingled  with  roots  for  "vegetables," 
clad — clad  did   I  say — no — ornamented 


BRITISH  BRAVES. 


39 


with  a  mustache  on  the  upper  lip,  a 
painted  sun  on  his  stomach,  a  star  on 
each  breast  and  other  artistic  attractions 
of  a  tattooical  order,  not  at  all  suited  to 
the  modern  ideas  of  British  society. 

A  southern  gentlemen  would  wear,  in 
addition  to  his  cuticular  adornments  the 
undressed  skin  of  an  animal  slain  in  the 
chase,  which  luxurious  article  of  apparal 
was  loosely  thrown  over  his  shoulders, 
in  that  neglige"  or  careless  style  in  which 
the  gentlemen  of  fashion  in  subsequent 
centuries  wore  their  cloaks  or  capes  of 
woven  material.  Their  wealth  and 
quality  were  indicated  by  rings  of  iron  or 
brass,  with  which  the  country  abounded, 
as  we  are  informed  that  the  artisans 
of  other  climes  were  supplied  largely 
from  Britain  with  tin,  lead,  copper  and 
iron,  at  a  very  early  period.  The  British 
did  not  wear  their  jewelry  then  as  they 
do  now,  in  their  ears,  and  on  their 
wrists  and  fingers;  but  around  their 
waists,  and  occasionally  around  their 
necks,  were  seen  these  stylish  sym- 
bols of  the  early  English  aristocracy. 
Fancy  a  lady  of  that  antique  period, 
covered  only  by  her  long  and  lovely 
locks,  which  hung  in  rich  profusion  over 
her  shoulders;  fancy  this  native  capillary 
costume — unbraided,  uncurled,  uncrimp- 
ed,  and  I  fear,  unkempt — not  done  up  a 
la  Pompadour  or  even  a  la  cuisine,  but 
flowing  in  the  frolicsome  fashion  of  the 
English  Shoshone,  or  the  British  Nava- 
joe  !  Her  only  change  of  appearance  at 
the  banquet  or  in  the  ball  room  being  a 
diversity  of  design  in  the  tattoo,  or  the 
doffing  of  an  iron  waistband  for  a  copper 
one!  Yet  such  was  the  condition  of  the 
British  belle  when  the  Roman  .galleys 
turned  their  prows  towards  that  wonder- 
ful country  in  the  year  50  B.  C. 

But  if  this  was  the  sight  that  presented 
itself  to  the  Roman  "civilizers,"  as  to  the 
personal  appearance  of  the  British,  what 
did  they  find  in  regard  to  their  social,  re- 
ligious and  political  status  ?  They  found 
them  exceedingly  rough  and  warlike  in 
their  manners,  living  on  the  most  frugal 
food  that  would  perpetuate  existence: 
bark  taken  off  the  trees  of  their  native 
forests,  roots  dug  from  their  native  soil, 
and  animals  killed  in  the  chase,  as  there 


were  no  "poaching"  laws  then.  Some 
raised  sheep,  and  tended  them  in  those 
rustic  wilds,  which  in  after  years  became 
the  lordly  estates  of  the  conquering  no- 
bles of  Normandy,  and  are  now  culti- 
vated with  such  skill  and  success  as  to 
be  a  pattern  of  husbandry  to  all  other 
countries  on  the  globe. 

Religiously,  the  ancient  Britons  were 
taught  and  governed  by  the  Druids,  a 
class  of  priests  who  not  only  taught  the 
crude  religious  ideas  of  the  period  to  the 
masses,  but  made  the  laws  by  which  the 
people  were  to  be  governed.  Their 
power  was  so  extensive  and  arbitrary, 
that  they  were  in  reality  the  rulers  ot 
Britain— "the  power  behind  the  throne," 
which  is  always  more  influential  than 
royalty  itself.  They  not  only  made  the 
laws,  but  explained  their  meaning.  In 
this,  perhaps  they  were  in  advance  ot 
modern  legislators,  some  of  whom  make 
laws  which  no  one  can  explain.  In  fact 
an  explanation  accompanying  each  en- 
actment would  be  a  good  modern  addi- 
tion to  most  of.  our  statutes  at  the  time 
they  pass  the  third  reading,  as  it  would 
avoid  the  comical  constructions  put  up- 
on them  by  adverse  counsel  and  the 
sometimes  censurable  conclusions  of 
judges  on  the  "intent"  of  the  law  makers. 

I  will  have  to  defer  the  Druidical  rites 
and  religion,  together  with  the  "politics" 
of  ancient  Britain,  for  future  comment. 
Charles  W.  Stayner. 


CAPTAIN   MATTHEW  WEBB. 

It  is  several  years  since  this  gentle- 
man became  known  to  the  American 
public  as  a  swimmer  of  extraordinary 
capabilities.  He  had  spent  his  life,,  in 
great  part,  on  shipboard,  and  so  was 
thoroughly  familiar  with  water  in  its 
roughest  phases.  In  1S75  he  became 
famous  by  performing  the  hitherto  un- 
accomplished feat  of  swimming  across 
the  English  Channel,  from  Dover  to 
Calais,  and  that  without  artificial  aids. 
Afterward  he  exhibited  his  skill  as  a 
swimmer  in  Europe  and  this  country, 
everywhere  winning  admiration  because 
of  his  great  powers  of  endurance,  and 
the  long  distances  which  he  covered. 

He  was  born  in  Shropshire,  England, 


4-0 


ASSOCIATION  INTELLIGENCE. 


in  1838,  and  after  leaving  school  went 
into  the  English  merchant  service.  He 
continued  in  this  sphere  of  industry  until 
Captain  Boyton  crossed  the  English 
Channel  in  a  swimming  suit,  designed 
as  a  protection  against  drowning;  this 
extraordinary  feat  being  an  illustration 
of  the  capabilities  of  the  invention. 
•Captain  Webb  was  fired  by  this  accom- 
plishment, and  determined  to  outdo 
Boyton  by  swimming  the  channel  unas- 
sisted by  artificial  means.  After  a  course 
of  training  he  succeeded  in  doing  it,  on 
the  24th  of  August,  landing  on  the 
French  coast  at  Calais,  after  being  in  the 
water  nearly  twenty-two  hours.  In  this 
country  he  distinguished  himself  in  1S79 
by  swimming  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Man- 
hattan Beach;  during  this  effort  he  was 
in  the  water  five  and  a  half  hours. 

His  attempt  to  swim  through  the  whirl- 
pool of  the  Niagara  River,  which  result- 
ed in  the  loss  of  his  life,  has  much  of  the 
foolhardy  in  it,  for  the  reason  that  all 
those  familiar  with  the  character  of  that 
river  considered  '  the  whirlpool  as  its 
most  dangerous  part.  The  waters  there 
whirl  around  with  great  rapidity,  and 
have  the  appearance,  which  is  presented 
by  the  movement  of  water  in  a  large 
basin  out  of  whose  bottom  the  plug  had 
been  withdrawn,  the  downward  rush. of 
water  exercising  a  tremendous  power  of 


suction.  People  on  the  banks  have  seen 
vast  trees  drawn  into  the  whirlpool  and 
disappear.  A  block  of  ice  as  large  as  a 
house  was  once  observed  to  float  on  the 
current  till  it  reached  the  mouth  of  the 
whirlpool ;  there  it  was  suddenly  swal- 
lowed up.  This  vortex  Captain  Webb 
imagined  that  he  could  dare  successfully, 
on  the  theory  that  a  man  could  swim 
where  a  boat  could  not  live.  One  would 
think  that  this  gentleman  had  won  ap- 
plause enough  by  reason  of  his  remark- 
able achievements  as  a  swimmer.  But  he 
was  not  satisfied  with  having  distanced 
all  competitors — he  would  distance  him- 
self. He  thought  little  of  danger.  His 
aspiration  and  self-confidence  dominated 
over  the  principle  of  fear,  and  the  out- 
come of  it  all  was  a  poor,  mutilated, 
lifeless  body,  and  a  wife  and  two  chil- 
dren left  without  their  natural  protector. 
The  boast  of  the  great  swimmer  was 
laughed  to  scorn  by  the  furious  mael- 
strom. The  circumstances  attending  his 
drowning  there,  appeared  to  illustrate 
the  fierce  joy  of  the  waters  in  having 
this  champion  finally  in  their  power,  for 
scarcely  had  he  entered  within  its  cir- 
cumference, when  he  was  observed  to 
throw  up  one  of  his  arms,  and  in  another 
instant  he  was  lost  from  the  view  of  the 
spectators  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  His 
body  was  recovered  the  next  day. 


ASSOCIATION    INTELLIGENCE. 


SEMI-ANNUAL   CONFERENCE. 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  the  semi- 
annual meeting   of.   the    Young    Men's 
Mutual  Improvement  Associations  will 
be  held  in  the  Salt  Lake  Assembly  Hall, 
Sunday  evening,  October  7,  at  7  o'clock. 
As  many  of   the   county  superinten- 
dents as  can  make  it  convenient  are  in- 
vited to  attend,  and  a  general  invitation 
is  extended  to  the  Young  Ladies'  Asso- 
ciations and  all  who   are   interested   in 
the  cause  of  mutual  improvement. 
W.  Woodruff, 
Jos.  F.  Smith, 
Moses  Thatcher, 
General  Superintendency. 


NOTICE  OF  QUARTERLY  CONFERENCES. 

The  following  appointments  have  been 
approved  by  the  General  Superinten- 
dency. Conferences  will  be  held  on  the 
dates  indicated.  It  is  expected  some 
of  the  general  officers  will  attend  each: 

Logan,  Cache  County,  October  14,  10 
a.m.;.Provo,  Utah  County,  October  14, 
10  a.m.;  Glenwood,  Sevier  County,  Octo- 
ber 20;  Ogden,  Weber  County,  Novem- 
ber 4,  10  a.  m.;  Coalville,  Summit  Coun- 
ty, November  11. 

Stake  secretaries  are  requested  to 
forward  dates  when  their  conferences 
are  to  be  held,  in  time  for  publication  in 
the  next  number  of  the  magazine. 


B.    H.  GODDARD. 


JUNIUS  F.    WELLS. 


H.  J.   GRANT. 


Fire  Insurance  and  Loan  Agents. 


fiFSt    <3l!@S;S 


<ZHE  JjESO:  IS  jZL&jZYS  QUE  QHEfiCPEBQl. 

Office:     Hooper  cSc  ZEld.red.g-e  Bloclr,  Salt  Xja.3re  Cit3r. 


H.  W.  SPENCER. 


M.  R.  EVANS 


WALKER  OPERA  HOUSE,  SALT  LAKE  CITY,       P.  0.  Box  1019. 


WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL   DEALERS  IN 


CHICAGO  SHOT,  FISHING  TACKLE,  CUTLERY, 

Canes,  Field   and    Opera    Glasses,   Notions,   Etc. 

H8{?[©  ©Bmfes  §«appl8©dl  with  ©©njs^B^t©  ©tstftts  at  Reasonable  Ptrt)©e§0 


Volume  Four  mahes  a  Splendid  Booh. 

BOUND  IN    HALF   LEATHER    AND    DARK    BLUE  CLOTH  FOR 

0±TL"3T    50    CE1TTS. 
SEND     THEM     TO     THE     CONTRIBUTOR     OFFICE, 


^ 


9 


BY     ELDER    JOHN    NICHOLSON, 


Gives  a  simple  system  for  enabling  young  men  and  others  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  Gospel  as  understood  by  the  Latter-day  Saints,  and  the  ability  to 
preach  them. 

fit  ftpeats  e§y@%  wpm  tUt©  PStpst  Wvlml^m* 

THE  LEADING  SCEIPTUEE  PASSAGES  OH  THE  FOLLOWING  SU3JECTS  AHE  GIVEN  IN  FULL— 
Faith  and  Works;  Repentance;   Baptism — it*  necessity,  mode  and  object;  The  Holy  Ohogt;  Organi- 
zation and  Officers  of  the  Church;    Preaching  the  Gospel  to  departed  Spirits;  Baptism 
for  the  Dead;  The  Universal  Apostasy;  Divine  Authority;  Restoration  of  the  G  spel 
in  the  latter  days.    All  the  principal  passages  on  Plural  Marriage  are  also  given. 

It  contains  a  treatise  on  preaching,  showing  some  of  the  causes  of  failure  and  how  to  avoid  them. 

THE  PRICE  IS  25  CENTS  A  COPY,  Gr  20  cents  when  more  than  six  are  ordered. 

For  sale  at  the  Deseret  News  Office. 


M.   E.  CITMMINGS. 


T 


P     W.    MAD8EK. 


.T.   E.   WIXDERi  JK. 


50    3VCA.I2ST    STREET, 

PARLOR,  COOKING,  HEATING,  OFFICE  and  BEDROOM  STOYES, 

AND>  EVERYTHING  TO  EUMNI8H  A  KITCHEN. 


\ 


-GBSKRAL  AGKNT  FOR- 


CHUTTLER  FAR 


FREIGHT 


ANI>    DEALER    l>f 


OPEN  BUSSES,  TOP  BIHG!^  AND  PH/ETONS,  SPR'NS  WAGONS  AND  ROAD  CRTS. 

A  Large  Assortment  which  will  be  Sold  at  very  lota  Prices. 
HEADQUARTERS    EOR 

Of  all  kinds  and  having  the  latest  Improvements,  among  which  are  the  following  novelties: 

The  Foust  ^av}  loader, 

The  Champion  Ijau.  Eicher  and  loader, 

Ijorse  lau.  Forhs  and  Carriers, 


•AND   THE   rELKBRATED- 


Qentrifugal  Irrigating  (Pump,     Fjuckeye  Reapers  and  Jvfowers,     Sweepstakes 

and  JAinnesota  Chief  threshers ,      garbed  Fence  Wire,      (Bederick  Hay 

(Presses  and  Hoisting'  Engines,      Steam  Engines,       8avu  Jfiills, 

Flour  jVLills,      Wood  Working  Jdaahinery  of  all  kinds, 

Lejfel    'Turbine  Wheels,      Knozules  (Pumps. 

CALL  AND  SEE  THEM,  OR  WRITE  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  CIRCULARS. 


Our  Carriage  Works  are  one  mile  distant  from  our 
Wagon  Works,  and  are  under  the  Special  Management 
of  Mr.  J.  F.  Studebaker. 

The  force  employed  is  1200  men. 

The  Works  are  four  stories  in  height. 

The  fioorage  surface  is  twenty  acres. 

The  Works  are  lighted  by  fifty- eight  electric  lamps. 

The  buildings,  lumber  sheds,  yards,  etc.,  cover  eighty  acres. 

The  lumber  used  is  seasoned  from  three  to  five  years 
before  being  worked. 

To  carefully  note  the  operation  of  each  branch  of  the 
work  would  require  a  -week's  time. 

The  production  of  Wagons  and  Carriages  for  1882  was 
the  largest  ever  turned  out  by  a  single  firm  in  the  history  of 
the  world,  nearly  30,000  vehicles. 


DS. 


Durable  Plain,  Twilled  and  Dress  Flannels  ! 
White,  Grey  and  Mottled  Blankets  ! 

Shawls,  Yarns,  Tweeds,  Lindseys! 


AT- 


TOSIInT      C- 


Old.    Ooxistit-u-tion    23-a.ild.iaa.gr- 


SOW    IS  TIIJE    TIME    TO  SUBSCRIBE. 


r  The  Contributor,  which  is  the  Organ  of  the  Mutual  Improvement  Associations, 
isan  excellent  periodical;  and  the  yo>ung  people  ought  to  avail  themselves  of  its  pages 
('    subscribing  fjr  it,  which,  no  doubt  is  being  done  generally. — PREST.  TAYLOR.^ 


=^S 


The  Publisher  taJees  pleasure  in  announeinp  the  Chief  Features  of  the  FIFTH 
VOL  UMF  of  the  COMRlHULOlt,  as  follows: 

THE    THREE     WITNESSES. 

Biographies  of  Oliver  Cowdery,  David  Whitmer  and  Martin  Harris;  and  a  History 
of  the  Book  of  Mormon,  by  Elder  George  Reynolds;  Illustrated  with  a  Magnificent  Steel 
Engraving  (See  description  of  the  Plate). 

WONDERS    OF    THE    YELLOWSTONE. 

A  Series  of  Descriptive  Sketches,  by  Apostle  Moses  Thatcher  and  the  Editor. 

NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    UTAH. 

A  Popular  Science  Series,  describing  the  Native  Animals  ot  our  Territory,  by 
Prof.  J.  B.  Toronto. 

POLITICAL    INSTITUTIONS. 

Including  General  Principles,  History,  Kinds  and  Conclusions,  byy.  M.  Tanner. 

OUR    NORTHERN    NEIGHBORS. 

Descriptive  of  Life,  Customs  and  Country  of  the  Canadians  and  Denizens  of  the 
Great  Lake  Regions,  by  f.  H.   Ward. 

SERMONS    AND  WRITINGS   OF   THE    PROPHETS. 

Including  Select  Discourses  upon  Interesting  Doctrinal  Subjects  by  President 
Brigham  Young. 

IRELAND    AND    THE    IRISH. 

Historical  and  Descriptive,  by  an  observing  resident  of  five  years. 

AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY. 

Scientific  Description  of  Native  Soils  and  their  Proper  Treatment,  by  Prof.  J.  T. 
Kingsbury. 

INDIAN   LIFE  ON  THE  RESERVATIONS. 

An  Exposition  of  Present  Methods  of  Dealing  with  the  Red  Men. 

ARCHITECTURE   OF    COMMON  HOUSES. 

How  to  Build  Dwellings  for  Health  and  Convenience,  by  one  of  Utah's  Successfu 
Young  Architects. 

THE   ARMY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES- 

Its  Organization  and  System,  including  Historical  Sketches,  by  Lieut.  R,  W.  Young. 

A  CHRISTMAS    STORY, 

THE  VOLUME  will  contain  interesting  articles  by  Elders  John  Nicholson,  O.  F 
Whitney,  Jos,  A,  West,  H.  W.  Naisbitt,  and  Mrs.  Emmeline  B.  Wells,  and  others  of  the 
old  favorite  writers,  besides  contributions  of  many  new  ones.  It  will  be  replete  with 
Entertaining  Biographical  Sketches,  Correspondence,  Poetry,  Travels,  Adventures,  Ex- 
periences of  Young  Missionaries,  Stories  of  Old  Settlers,  Indian  Legends,  and  important 
Association  Intelligence,  including  instructions  and  suggestions  to  the  officers  and  mem- 
bers of  Y.  M.  and  Y.  L.  M.  I.  Associations,  and  reports  of  general  meetings. 


Subscription:  $2.00  a  Year,  in  Advance.  V0LUMES  ?^Dr 

■  FIFTY    ( 


FOR  SUBSCRIBERS  AT 
CENTS  EACH. 

AGENTS  AJj LOWED   TEN  PER    CENT:  ON  COLLECTIONS. 


EDITOR   AND   PUBLISHER, 

IP.  O.  Boas  305-  S-A-XjT     Ij^.3£:b     CITT,     -CrT-A-H. 

Remittances  should  be  made  by  bank  draft,  money  order,  postal  notes  or  registered  letter. 


John  E.  Carlisle  is  the  Traveling  Agent  for  the  Contributor. 


ri^TIME    CARD.^ 
GOI3STG    SOUTH.  GOING    NORTH. 


»*...»».,»*   I    Atlantic 
STATIONS.  1  Express. 


Pacific    |  Park  City  I   Mail  and     __  _..  Pacific       A  1  antic  I  Park  City  I  Mail  and 

Express.      Express.  |  Express.     p+aiiqns.     Ezpress.      Express.  |  Express.  |  Express. 


Ogden,  Depart 

Eaysville 

Farmington.. 
Woods  Cross 
Salt  Lake,  Ar 


Salt  Lake,  Dp. 

Francklyn 

Lovendahls ... 

Sandy 

Draper 

Lehi  Junction. 

Lehi 

American  Fork 
PieasantGrove 

Provo 

Springville.... 
Spanish  Fork. 

Payson 

Santaquin 

Nepni , 

Juab 

Deseret...., 
Kilford..... 
Frisco,  Arrive 


7.00a.m. 
7.45  " 
7.58  " 
8.12  " 

8.30  " 


8. 30a.m, 
9.05   " 
9.18   " 
9.S2   " 
9  50  " 


10  30a.m. 
1110  " 
11.24  " 
1141   " 

12.00  m. 


7.00a.m 

7.18  " 
7.^6  " 
7.3-.  " 
7.46  " 
8.14  " 

8.19  " 
8.27  " 
8.36  " 
9.00  " 
9.12  " 
9.21  " 
9  42  " 
9.55  " 

10.12  ' 

11.  5  " 
Ar.JuAB 


3  05p.m. 

3.23  " 

3.31  " 
3.41  " 
3,51  " 
4.19  " 

4.24  " 

4.32  " 
441  " 
5  05  " 
5  17  " 
5-29  " 
5.17  " 
6.00  " 
fi.47  " 
7  45  " 

11,50   " 
(i  :0am, 
8.30  " 


■n     -.2  H  * 

_  >>a  52 
v  a  m  z 

!§!£- 

0)  *  C  f-  w 

£  W  z  -o  ^ 

*<  «!--» 
MOD  oj  <S 


O.lOp.m 
6  50   " 
7.03  " 
7.21  " 

7.40  " 


Frisco,  Depart 
Milford... ...... 

Deseret 

Juab 

Nephi 

Santaquin 

Payson 

Spanish  Fork. 
Springville ... 

Provo 

PieasantGrove 
Americsn  Fork 

Lehi..™ 

Lehi  Junction, 

Draper , 

Sandy , 

Loven:ahls... 
Francklyn.... 
Salt  Lake,  Ar 


Salt  Lake,  Dp. 
Woods  Cross... 
Farmington ... 

Eaysville 

Ogden,  Arrive 


6.10a  m. 

6.29 

6.46 

7.00 

7.40 


7.i  Oa  m 
7.18  " 
7.32  " 
7.45   " 
8.20  " 


4.00p.m. 
6.10  " 
11.45  " 
4.45a.m. 
5.19  " 
6  05  " 
6.19  " 
6.39  " 
6,52  " 
7.-8  " 
7.52  •' 
8.00  " 
8.09  " 
8.14  " 
8.14  " 
8,54  " 
9.04  " 
9.12  " 
9  30   " 


4  OOp.m 
4.19   " 
4.36  " 
4,50  " 
5.30  " 


1.40p.m. 

211  " 

3.00  " 

3.1t  " 

3  34  " 

3.47  " 

4.00  " 

4.24  " 

4.32  " 

4.41  •' 
4.46  " 
5.14  " 
5  24  " 
5.34  " 

5.42  " 
6.00  " 


7.40p.iiL 
7,59  '• 
816   " 
S.30   " 
9.1)  " 


JOHN  SHARP,  Genl.  Supt.  JAMES  SHARP,  Asst.  Genl.  Supt.  FRANCIS  COPE,  Geni.  F.  &  P, 


*g> 


DENVER  AND  RIO  GRANDE  RAILWAY. 

TIME     C^-ED. 


FROM    THE    SOUTH. 


Leaves  COAL  MINE 

SCHOFIELD 

P.  V.  JUNCTION 

CLEAE  CEE2E 

MILL  FOEE 

THISTLE. 

SPANISH  FOEE 

SPEINGVILLE 

PEOVO 

BATTLE  CREEK... 

AMEEICAN  FORE.. 

LEHI..: 

DRAPER 

BINGHAM  JUNC'N.. 

GEEMANI'A 

FEANCKLYN 

Arrive  SALT  LAEE  CITY. 


Accomoda- 
tion Train. 


,47  a. 

,52  ' 
,47 

!02  ' 

57  ' 
52  ' 
13  p 
32  « 
13  ' 
28  ' 
43  ' 
02  ' 

58  ' 


*.02 


Pacific 
Express. 


12.51  a. ni 

1.50  " 

2  14  " 
2.49  " 

3  22  " 
3.36  " 
3  50  " 
4.12  " 

4.21  " 
J.29  " 
5.07  " 

5.22  " 
5.29  ' ' 
r.32  " 
5.48  " 


Springville 
Accom'd'n. 


6.57  a.  m, 

7.12  " 

7.:4  " 

7.43  " 

7.51  " 

8.29  " 

8.J4  " 

K.51  " 

8,51  " 

9.10  " 


Passenger  Trains  Leave  Salt  T.ake  for  points  south  of  Springville 
at  10.20  a.m.     Springville  Train  Leaves  at  4.32  p.m. 


FROM    THE    NORTH. 


Leaves  OGDEN 

HOOPER 

EAYSVILLE 

FARMINGTON 

WOODS  CROSS 

Arrive  SALT  LAEE  CITY 


Atlantic 
Express. 


8.42a.m. 

8.57  " 
9.20  " 
9.29  " 
9.43  " 
10.05    " 


Springville 
Accom'd'n. 


^•47  p.m. 
3.02    " 

3.16  " 
3.36  " 
3.52    " 

4.17  " 


for  points  North  at  5.58  a.  in 


I>.  C.  DODGE,  Gen'l  Manager, 
F.  C.  NIMS,  Gen'l  T'U't  Agt., 

DE1TVEE,    COL. 


HENRY  MOOD,  Gen'l  »upt , 
E.  A.MUDGETT,  Gen'l  Agt.  Pass.  Dept. 

s-a-XjT   Ij^.^:e   citt. 


the  B^i.isrT-z^  ifie:  eoxjte. 

From  2  tn  12  HOURS  SAVEB  tne*Mi*°o«ri .  ulr-vilYiVe 


Connecting  in  a  UNION  DEPOT  at  Pueclo  with  the 

IDEN"VSR,   &   BIO    Q-ZR^HSTDIE]    IR/Y. 
Elegant  Pullman  Sleeping  Cars  and  Day  Coaches.      Best  Ra  Iroad  Dining:  Hails. 

P.  J.   FI.YStf,  W    F.   WHITE, 

Gen.  Agt.,  *  alt  Late  Cliy.  Gen.  Pass.  «fc  T'k'tAgt  ,Topefc  a,  Kan. 

S.  V.  DERRAH,  Tr  .veil u g  Agent.